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Biology 101 > Cellular respiration > Flashcards

Cellular respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Define respiration

A

is a metabolic process that result in the release of energy and an increase in the available energy ATP from organic substrates (carbs)

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2
Q

Write the chemical equation of the respiration of glucose

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 →6CO@ +6H2O+ energy

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3
Q

What is the respiratory quotient

A

it compares the amount of carbon dioxide produced to the amount of oxygen used

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4
Q

A reaction with the RQ>1

A

Anaerobic respiration

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5
Q

A reaction with the RQ<= 1

A

Aerobic respiration

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6
Q

The two types of respiration

A

aerobic in the presence of oxygen break down of substrate to inorganic compounds. anaerobic without oxygen breakdown to products such as lactic acid

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7
Q

What are the needs/uses of energy within the body ?

A

Active transport/ mechanical work/ electrical discharge/ maintenance of the body temperature in warm blooded animals

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8
Q

The benefits of the oxidation of glucose happening in small stages

A

allowing for control and improve harnessing of energy

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9
Q

How to lower the activation energy for the oxidation of glucose?

A

the use of enzymes/ the phosphorylation of glucose to raise its energy levels

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10
Q

The energy currency of the cell

A

ATP

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11
Q

The formation and breakdown of ATP is catalysed by?

A

ATPase

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12
Q

(the general concept of ATP formation) ATP is formed when…

A

a chemical reaction release sufficient energy to bind phosphate to ADP

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13
Q

The nucleotide in both ATP and ADP is

A

Adenosine

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14
Q

The two ways in which ATP can be formed

A

Substrate phosphorylation and

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15
Q

define substrate phosphorylation

A

the energy from a chemical reaction used to bind organic phosphate from a substrate with ADP

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16
Q

define oxidative phosphorylation

A

energy available from redox reaction (electron transfer) used to add inorganic phosphate to ADP

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17
Q

The four steps of aerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis- Link reaction- Krebs cycle- oxidative phosphorylation

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18
Q

what which stages substrate phosphorylation happens?

A

Glycolysis- Krebs cycle

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19
Q

Glycolysis make…. from…..

A

2 pyruvate(3C)-one glucose(6C)

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20
Q

Where does glycolysis take place

A

cytoplasm

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21
Q

Glycolysis is (anaerobic/aerobic)

A

Anaerobic since no oxygen needed

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22
Q

The two stages of glycolysis are

A

Phosphorylation and oxidation

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23
Q

The products of glycolysis

A

4 ATP (gain only2) 2 pyruvate and 2 Nadh

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24
Q

After the glycolysis what happens to the products?

A

The two Nadh go to oxidative phosphorylation while the two pyruvate get actively transported into the matrix of the mitochondria for the link reaction

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25
Q

Where does the end reaction take place

A

The mitochondria matrix

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26
Q

The substrate and end product of a link reaction

A

2 Pyruvate (substrate)- 2 acetyl coenzyme A- 2 Nadh -2CO2

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27
Q

The steps within a link reaction

A

decarboxylating of pyruvate ( loss of c in the form of co2) then oxidation ( Nad will be Nadh)→acetate (2c) addition of coenzyme A→acetyl coenzyme (2c)

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28
Q

Krebs cycle happens in…

A

matrix of the mitochondria

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29
Q

the Krebs cycle is a series of…..

A

oxidation-reduction reactions

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30
Q

During the Krebs cycle acetyl coenzyme A combines with… to form…

A

with a four carbon molecule oxaloacetate to form a six carbon molecule citrate

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31
Q

the product of combining acetyl coenzyme A with oxaloacetate in the Krebs cycle

A

citrate(6c)

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32
Q

The products of(2) Krebs cycle

A

4CO2(waste)- 6NADH-2FADH-2 coenzyme A- 2ATP( goes back to the link reaction)

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33
Q

which step of aerobic respiration produces the most ATP

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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34
Q

oxidative phosphorylation involves….. and …..

A

electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

35
Q

The electron transport chain is made up of…..

A

Electron carriers

36
Q

In the electron transport chain. Protons move down an electrochemical gradient from the inner mitochondrial membrane and into the matrix through….

A

ATP synthase

37
Q

Define chemiosmosis

A

The movement of protons down an electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase that produce ATP

38
Q

In the mitochondrial matrix at the end of the transport electron transport chain

A

protons and electrons and O2 (from the blood) combine to form water

39
Q

How many ATP molecules are made per 1 glucose

A

38ATP

40
Q

How many ATP are made in the glycolysis

A

8ATP remember 2NADH+2ATP=8ATP

41
Q

How many ATP molecules are made in the link reaction

A

6ATP(2NADH)

42
Q

How many ATP molecules are made in the Krebs cycle?

A

24ATP molecule (2NADH+4NADH+2FADH+2ATP)

43
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced from an electron transport chain

A

34ATP

44
Q

The 3 binding sites of ATP synthase

A

1- binding ADP and Pi/ 2- forming tightly bound ATP/ 3-releasing ATP

45
Q

The kind of energy produced from the electrons passing through the electron transport chain and used for the production of ATP

A

is an electrical potential energy

46
Q

What makes chloroplasts and mitochondria perfect places for storing the difference of hydrogen ions (protons)

A

They are impermeable to hydrogen ions allowing the ions yo pass only through a channel

47
Q

In electron transport chain to synthesise 1 ATP how many hydrogens do u need

A

3

48
Q

ATP is formed in

A

The matrix

49
Q

How efficient is respiration of 1 mole of glucose

A

1x38x30.66kj=1165kj
1165kj/3000kj x 100 = 40% and 60% heat!!

50
Q

in anaerobic respiration pyruvate is converted to

A

to lactate in animals and ethanol in plants

51
Q

lactate fermentation requires…

A

NADH

52
Q

How come anaerobic keeps going?

A

During the fermentation of lactate NADH is oxidised so NAD is produced. It goes to glycolysis and the cycle continues until there is no need for more ATP

53
Q

Why does the body resort to anaerobic respiration in the absence of O2

A

If oxygen is not present then the electron transport chain can not happen since O2 is the final electron acceptor. Moreover, NADH can not be converted to NAD. There is no nad in glycolysis to collect the protons (hydrogen), so glycolysis can not happen. The cells evolved anaerobic respiration to re-oxidise reduced nad.

54
Q

When anaerobic respiration is done where does the lactate go?

A

from muscles in the blood to the liver

55
Q

How does the liver deal with lactate?

A

Re-oxidised to pyruvate. Then, further broken down for energy release or glycolysis is reversed and “energy” is stored as glycogen

56
Q

how many ATP molecules are produced in anaerobic respiration?

A

2 ATP

57
Q

Where does most of the energy from anaerobic respiration go?

A

Heat and most go in lactate .

58
Q

Short term effects of anaerobic respiration

A

Lactic acid build up in muscle and blood cells
changes pH which causes weakness in muscles(affects the enzymes and neuromuscular junctions)
Feelings of tiredness, pain, muscle tightness

59
Q

The extra oxygen used for the removal of lactic acid from the liver is referred to as

A

oxygen debt

60
Q

Short term effects of exercising

A

ATP depletion/ Increased O2 uptake/ increased blood to the muscles/ decreased blood to the intestine/ increased lactic acid / increased breakdown of glycogen and fatty acids/ the high energy bonds in creatine phosphate are broken in the muscles

61
Q

muscle cells store ATP in the form of

A

Creatine phosphate

62
Q

what is a resting heart rate

A

the number of times your heart beat per minute

63
Q

what is a stroke volume

A

the amount of blood per beat

64
Q

Long term effect of exercising on the heart and circulation?

A

Increase in the size of the heart and the thickness of the left ventricular muscle/ decreased heart resting rate/ increased stroke volume/ increase in the concentration of erythrocytes/ increased capillary network in muscles/ decrease in blood pressure

65
Q

Long term effects of exercising on the lungs

A

increased vital capacity/ tidal volume

66
Q

Long term effects of exercising on the muscles

A

increased stores of creatine phosphate, glycogen and fatty acids/ increased number of mitochondria/ increased Krebs cycle enzymes/ increased sarcomere diameter/ increased myoglobin

67
Q

How come exercising improves the resistance to infections ?

A

because of improved blood circulation, which helps white blood cells travel faster to the sites of infection. In addition, circulation helps in the removal of toxins supporting the immune system

68
Q

define cardiac output

A

is the volume of blood pumped out of each ventricle per minute (dm3/minute)

69
Q

define stroke volume

A

is the volume of blood ejected out of each ventricle per beat

70
Q

define heart rate

A

is the number of times the heart beats per one minutes ( number of cardiac cycles per one minutes)

71
Q

The factors affecting the cardiac output

A

the stroke volume and heart rate

72
Q

how to find the cardiac output

A

cardiac output= stroke volume heart rate

73
Q

the cardiac output at rest vs the cardiac output during strenuous exercising

A

at rest 5 dm3 per minute, raising up to 35 dm3 per minute

74
Q

who determine/ control the heart rate

A

two autonomic nerves sympathetic and parasympathetic that link between the cardiovascular centre in the brain and the SA node in the heart

75
Q

The effect of the sympathetic nerve system on the heart rate

A

during exercise or excitement the stimulated sympathetic nerve will release noradrenaline into the terminus between it and the SA node. the heart rate will increase

76
Q

The effect of the parasympathetic nerve system on the heart rate

A

In resting the stimulated parasympathetic nerve release acetylcholine into the terminus between it and the SA node

77
Q

The function of noradrenaline on the heart

A

increases the heart rate

78
Q

the function of the hormone adrenaline

A

increases the heart rate and force of contraction

79
Q

The cardiovascular centre is in the ?

A

medulla oblongata

80
Q

The sympathetic nerves innervate …… and….

A

the walls of the ventricles and SA node

81
Q

The stroke volume is determined by…..

A

the end-diastolic volume

82
Q

How come exercising increase the stroke volume

A

exercising increases the volume of blood that enters the heart therefore increasing the end-diastolic volume. contraction of skeletal muscles during exercise, squeezes on the veins and increases venous return to the heart. this increases the end diastolic volume and hence the stroke volume. the increased rate and depth of breathing during exercise create a sucking action on the veins near the heart

83
Q

Starling’s Law of the heart

A

the greater the extent the heart is stretched by the end-diastolic volume, the greater the force of contraction is going to be

84
Q
A

Biology 101 (6 decks)

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