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Biology 101 > Bone and muscles > Flashcards

Bone and muscles Flashcards

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1
Q

The skeletal system consists of

A

The skeleton (bone and cartilage) and muscles

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2
Q

The roles of the skeletal system

A

skeleton gives (protection) and (support) for muscle attachment so organism can move/ The bones (make blood cells) and store calcium/ Muscles produce contractions to give force for (movement)

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3
Q

Compact bone makes up the

A

outer layer of the shaft of long bones

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4
Q

The compact bone is made up of

A

Haversian systems

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5
Q

The name of bone cells

A

osteocytes

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6
Q

osteocytes start their lives as

A

osteoblasts

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7
Q

The cells responsible for synthesis and deposition of the organic and inorganic substances of the bone matrix

A

osteoblast

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8
Q

osteoblasts synthesis and deposit… and ….. to form…

A

tropocollagen fibres and calcium phosphate to form the bone matrix

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9
Q

bone is made up of 30% of …. and 60% of…. and 10% of ….

A

organic collagen. inorganic calcium phosphate. osteocytes

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10
Q

Haversian systems are made up of

A

lamella

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11
Q

The lamella is made up of

A

bone matrix (collagen and calcium phosphate)

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12
Q

The spaces in which osteocytes are present in the Haversian system

A

Lacuna

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13
Q

Links the lacunae

A

canaliculi

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14
Q

the Haversian canal has

A

artery vein and nerve

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15
Q

osteocytes in the lacunae maintain contact through

A

through cytoplasmic processes in the canaliculi

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16
Q

what’s the point of the nerve, artery and vein in the haversian canal?

A

it supplies the osteocytes with nutrients and oxygen and take away wastes

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17
Q

The bone-forming cells

A

osteoblasts

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18
Q

The cells that maintain the bone

A

osteocytes

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19
Q

The cells that are continuously breaking down bone

A

osteoclasts

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20
Q

The coordinated actions of osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts allow for

A

bone remodeling

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21
Q

bone remodeling stimulated due to

A

new stresses such as hormonal changes, activities( mechanical stress stimulate bone formation) and damage

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22
Q

Can physical activities change bone formation?

A

mechanical stress on bones can stimulate bone formation in the areas subjected to the increased mechanical stress

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23
Q

Normal bone metabolism

A

osteoblast activity= osteoclasts activity

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24
Q

osteoporosis bone metabolism

A

osteoclasts activity> osteoblasts activity

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25
Q

If cartilage does not have blood vessels how could chondrocytes get nutrients and oxygen

A

through diffusion of nutrients and oxygen from surrounding tissues

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26
Q

The locations of hyaline cartilage

A

lining the joints, joining ribs and in the trachea

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27
Q

The colour of hyaline cartilage

A

It is translucent

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28
Q

The function of chondrocytes

A

the secretion of proteins

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29
Q

Adaptations in the chondrocytes to do their function

A

well developed endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi body

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30
Q

Cartilage is made up of ….. and …..

A

75% water and 25% collagen and glycoprotein

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31
Q

The slippery surface of cartilage is due to

A

glycoproteins

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32
Q

Why is hyaline cartilage present in the joints

A

due to the chondrocytes well developed ER and Golgi body it secrets proteins to form glycoproteins that will give a slippery surface. The slippery surface is needed for the movement of some joints

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33
Q

The case where cartilage break down exceeds cartilage renewal

A

osteoarthritis

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34
Q

All synovial joints have

A

joint cavities filled with synovial fluid

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35
Q

what type of joint is the suture joint

A

fibrous joint bc of the dense fibrous connective tissue within it

36
Q

the tissue within the cranium suture is

A

dense fibrous connective tissue d

37
Q

give two types of synovial joints

A

ball and socket and hinge

38
Q

give a fibrous joint

A

suture joint (immovable joint)

39
Q

give a cartilage joint

A

semi-movable joint ( vertebral column)

40
Q

The cartilage within the ball and socket joint of the hip and the hinge joint of the elbow and knee

A

articular (hyaline cartilage)r cartilage

41
Q

in synovial joint the bone are held together by

A

collagen capsule

42
Q

ligaments are present in

A

the capsule

43
Q

ligaments have

A

high tensile strength

44
Q

the function of the synovial membrane

A

1- it secrets synovial fluid that lubricate the movement of bones.
2- it detects and removes foreigner bodies from the synovial fluid
3- it provides nutrients to the chondrocytes

45
Q

Articular (hyaline) cartilage function in the joints

A

it reduces the friction in the joints (it is slippery bc of glycoproteins)

46
Q

Osteoporosis results in

A

Broken bones and severe postural problems ( wedged upper vertebrae and crushed lower vertebrae)

47
Q

Having a ….. when young reduces the risk of osteoporosis

A

high mass/ density bone

48
Q

How to achieve high density bone (helps in avoiding osteoporosis)

A

Exercise regularly- Ensure sufficient calcium and vitamin D in the diet

49
Q

How come menopause is a risk factor for osteoporosis ?

A

During menopause, the ovaries gradually decrease their production of estrogen, leading to a significant decline in circulating estrogen levels in the body. Estrogen has several effects on bone metabolism, including inhibiting bone resorption (breakdown) by osteoclasts, promoting osteoblast (bone-forming cell) activity, and maintaining the balance between bone formation and resorption. The reduction in estrogen levels disrupts these processes, resulting in increased bone turnover and a net loss of bone density over time.

50
Q

Maximum bone mass at…. , then declines by…. per year

A

30 . 7%

51
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

a condition in which so much bone mass is lost that the bones become more likely to break

52
Q

what is the first sign of osteoporosis

A

breaking of a bone with relatively little cause

53
Q

How come pregnancy is a protective factor against osteoporosis?

A
  • high levels of oestrogen
  • increased ca absorption
54
Q

How come high caffeine intake is risk factor for osteoporosis ?

A

high caffeine intake inhibits the absorption of ca in the intestine. Therefore, less ca will be available in the body and less ca deposit in the bone making the bone less dense

55
Q

How come steroid use is a risk factor for osteoporosis ?

A
  • increases the activity of osteoclasts
  • inhibit the activity of osteoblasts
  • decrease the absorption of ca in the intestine
56
Q

How come smoking is a risk factor for osteoporosis ?

A

Smoking interferes with the absorption of calcium in the intestines and decreases the production of estrogen in women, both of which contribute to lower bone density. As a result, smokers tend to have weaker bones compared to non-smokers.

57
Q

Mention the two kinds of arthritis

A
  • rheumatoid arthritis
    -osteoarthritis
58
Q

what happens in rheumatoid arthritis

A

the body’s own immune system attack the cartilage

59
Q

What happens in osteoarthritis?

A
  • The articular cartilage degenerates faster than its regeneration as a result cartilage can not cope and fragments
  • changes in collagen and glycoprotein content also occur
  • resulting pain and loss of joint movement
60
Q

treatment for arthritis

A

joint replacement surgery

61
Q

factors leading to arthritis

A

obesity, ageing, injury, sport, and genes

62
Q

The two movements at the elbow joint

A

-flex
-extend

63
Q

what happens to the joint angle during flexing and extending

A
  • decreases in flexing
  • increases in extending
64
Q

biceps and triceps are

A

an antagonistic pair

65
Q

Muscle is a group of

A

fibres

66
Q

what surrounds each muscle fibre

A

sarcolemma

67
Q

within a muscle fibre is

A

a myofibril

68
Q

surrounds a myofibril is a

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

69
Q

striated or skeletal muscles are so called bc of the stripes seen in …….

A

longitudinal section micrographs

70
Q

A transverse section micrograph of the skeletal muscle will show…..

A

myofibril end-on

71
Q

The only filaments in the I band

A

Actin filaments

72
Q

The only filaments in the H band

A

myosin filaments

73
Q

The filaments within the A band

A

both actin and myosin filaments

74
Q

Thin filaments are made from the proteins……

A

actin, tropomyosin and troponin

75
Q

Actin is a…… protein

A

globular

76
Q

How are the thin filaments made

A

they are made from the globular protein actin. The protein molecules link to form long chains. Then, long chains get into twisted pairs attached to a membrane called the Z-line. The protein tropomyosin forms long chains in the groove between the actin chains and the protein troponin ( a globular protein) binds to the actin chain at regular intervals.

77
Q

The twisted pairs of actin get attached to…..

A

the z line

78
Q

the thick filaments are made from….

A

Myosin

79
Q

How are the thick filaments formed

A

myosin molecules lying side by side with their heads in a way that they are grouped at the 2 ends of the thick filament. The tails of the filaments are attached to the M line.

80
Q

the…… of the thin and thick filaments is what gives the skeletal muscle the striped appearance

A

the extreme regularity

81
Q

Muscles contract when

A

the actin and myosin filaments slide over one another. This causes the sarcomere to shorten and thus the muscle length to shorten.

82
Q

The myosin head has…

A

ATPase enzyme to break down atp

83
Q

The muscle is relaxed there is ….

A

no attachment between the myosin heads and the actin

84
Q

Give an account of muscle relaxation

A

-When muscle is stimulated by. nerve impulse. The calcium ions bind to the troponin in the actin and changes its shape. The troponin moves the tropomyosin away from the myosin head binding sites of the actin.
- The myosin heads hydrolyses the ATP to ADP and P using the enzyme ATPase and the heads become cooked

85
Q

Give an account of the muscle contraction ( you should include the relaxation)

A

-A nerve impulse trigger the binding of calcium ions to the troponin and changes its shape. Troponin moves away tropomyosin from the myosin head binding sites on the actin
- The myosin heads hydrolyses ATP to ADP and P and become cooked
- A nerve impulse stimulates the muscle and the myosin head binding sites are now available
-The myosin head binds to the actin filament
- after binding the head tilts by 45 degrees causing the actin and myosin to slide over each other, shorten the sarcomere and contracting the muscle
-ADP and P are released and a new ATP is bound
- the presence of ATP allows the head to be detached
- ATP is hydrolysed and the head is cooked again and ready for the next attachment at a binding site further along the actin molecule
- the cycle repeats itself 5x per second until the muscle is no longer stimulated
- when the nerve impulse stops
1- calcium ions release stops and they are pumped back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
2-Troponin regains its original shape and re-occupies the actin head binding sites, preventing further contractions

86
Q
A

Biology 101 (6 decks)

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