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Biology 101 > Digestion and nutrition > Flashcards

Digestion and nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

The neural and hormonal pathway that trigger the release of the gastric juice

A

sensory receptors→ vagus nerve→brainstem→vagus nerve→g cells→gastrin →gastric juice

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2
Q

The components of the gastric juice

A

Hydrochloric acid/ intrinsic factors/ pepsinogen/ mucus

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3
Q

what cells secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factors in the stomach?

A

Parietal cells

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4
Q

What cells secrete pepsinogen?

A

Chief cells

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5
Q

what are the special adaptations in the stomach wall structure?

A

Oblique muscle and the opening of the gastric glands

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6
Q

what’s the function of the intrinsic factors?

A

absorption of B12

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7
Q

The function of HCl in the stomach

A

produces a pH of 2 for pepsine , breaks down large food, kills bacteria taken in food

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8
Q

The functions of the small intestine

A

Digestion and absorption

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8
Q

what substances are digested in the small intestine

A

Carbohydrates, Fats and proteins

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8
Q

Give an account of carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine

A

pancreatic amylase break down starch to maltose, the small intestine secretes maltase to further break down the maltose.

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9
Q

Name the regions of the small intestine

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, ileum.

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10
Q

what are the adaptions in the small intestine?

A

1/ the folds and villi in the wall increase the surface area 2/ the wall of the villi is one cell thick and has an abundance of transporter proteins and microvilli making the absorption more efficient 3/ Lacteal and blood capillaries under the one cell thick epithelial.

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11
Q

name the major carbohydrate digestive enzymes?

A

Salivary amylase, Pancreatic amylase, intestinal enzymes.

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11
Q

name the enzymes that break polysaccharides to disaccharides

A

Salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase

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12
Q

Name the enzyme that break down maltose to glucose

A

Maltase( intestinal enzyme)

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13
Q

Name the enzymes that break down proteins?

A

pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin

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14
Q

enzymes that break down proteins to peptides

A

pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin

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15
Q

enzyme that break down peptides to amino acids

A

intestinal enzymes

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16
Q

The enzyme that break down lipids

A

Lipase

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17
Q

The products of breaking down lipids

A

free fatty acids, glycerol

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18
Q

Site of enzyme action in the small intestine

A

Glycocalynx

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19
Q

The location of goblet cells in the small intestine

A

crypt of leiberkuhh

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20
Q

The pancreas function

A

Exocrine function. secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate.

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21
Q

The function unit of the pancreas

A

Lobule

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22
Q

what is lobule

A

clusters of acini cells that secrete digestive enzymes

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23
Q

The endocrine cells of the pancreas

A

Islet of Langerhans

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24
Q

The cells that secretes insulin and glucagon

A

Islet of Langerhans

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25
Q

The two inactive protease precursors:

A

Trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen

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26
Q

What enzyme activates the inactive protease precursor from the pancreatic juice?

A

enterokinase secreted by the duodenum wall

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27
Q

The components of the pancreatic juice

A

Lipase, Amylase, trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, Bicarbonate

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28
Q

The lipase partner in crime in breaking down fats?

A

Bile salts

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29
Q

Trypsin is more focused on the bonds that follow:

A

Lysine and Arginine

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30
Q

The function of the bile produced from the liver

A

The bile emulsifies fats preparing them for lipase.

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31
Q

Name the two bile salts

A

Sodiumglycocholate and Sodiumglytaurocholate

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32
Q

Who synthesises bile salts

A

Cholesterol in the liver

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33
Q

Some bile salts in the duodenum get…. into…. for recycling in the ……

A

reabsorbed- blood- liver

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34
Q

The 3 locations of bicarbonate

A

Saliva- Bile- pancreatic juice

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35
Q

Bile duct empties into

A

duodenum

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36
Q

…… synthesises bile salts in the …….

A

cholesterol- hepatocytes

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37
Q

The function of the liver

A

Synthesises of bile salts, storage of glycogen and detoxification of alcohol.

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38
Q

The function of the large intestine

A

Absorbs nutrients and water and eliminates waste.

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39
Q

The method of absorption of Glucose/ galactose into the enterocytes

A

Co-transport with Na ions

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40
Q

The glucose into enterocytes carrier name

A

SGLUT-1

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41
Q

The method of diffusion of glucose out of the basolateral membrane ( epithelial cells) into the interstitial fluid

A

facilitated diffusion

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42
Q

The name of the channel protein letting glucose into the interstitial fluid out of the cell

A

GLUT-2

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43
Q

What’s the point of actively transporting sodium out of the intestine epithelial cells?

A

Pumping Na through the Na/K pump helps in maintaining a Na ion concentration gradient between the and the epithelial cells. Therefore, allowing for the co-transport of Glucose/ galactose into the cells

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44
Q

Glucose/ Galactose absorption is highly dependent on

A

concentration of sodium ion

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45
Q

The method of diffusion of fructose out of the basolateral membrane ( epithelial cells) into the interstitial fluid

A

Facilitated diffusion

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46
Q

The Na+/K+ pump in the small intestine is only present in

A

The Na+/K+ is only in the inner plasma membrane

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47
Q

The method of absorption of Amino acids into the enterocytes

A

Active transport

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48
Q

The method of absorption of dipeptides into the enterocytes

A

co transport with H+

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49
Q

The method of absorption of short-chain fatty acids into the enterocytes

A

simple diffusion

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50
Q

The method of absorption of long-fatty acids and glycerol into the enterocytes

A

simple diffusion after being emulsified

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51
Q

Give account of the absorption of fats

A

Emulsification/ digestion/ formation of micelles/ simple diffusion/ reassembling into triglycerides/ packaged into chylomicrons/ simple diffusion→interstitial fluid→Lacteal

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52
Q

The salivation reflex is coordinated by

A

Medulla oblongata

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53
Q

The neural pathway for the secretion of gastric juice

A

stretch receptors→vagus nerve→brainstem→vagus nerve→gastrin into the blood

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54
Q

The triggers of the release of gastrin hormone

A

Vagus nerve, presence of food (Proteins)

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55
Q

The pancreatic juice secretion is mainly controlled by

A

the arrival of food at the duodenum

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56
Q

What causes the secretion of secretin

A

the stomach acid causes the release of secretin

57
Q

The effect of releasing secreting

A

trigger the pancreas to increase bicarbonate amounts in the pancreatic juice before secreting it through main pancreatic duct

58
Q

The presence of fat in the stomach trigger

A

triggers the release of the hormone enterogasterone

59
Q

The effects of the enterogastrone

A

reduces gastric juices, slows the movement of the stomach, delays release of stomach content.

60
Q

Define a balanced diet

A

a balance diet contains sufficient nutrients to maintain health and activity

61
Q

Nutrients provide…. and ….

A

energy and materials

62
Q

Nutrients provide energy and materials for ?

A

Growth, repair, movement and the functioning of organs

63
Q

Define macronutrients with examples

A

nutrients required in large quantities. Proteins, fats and carbohydrates

64
Q

Define micronutrients with examples

A

nutrients required in small quantities. minerals and vitamins

65
Q

The meaning of essential nutrients and examples

A

nutrients that can be converted in the body but not made in the body. essential amino acids, essential fatty acids and most vitamins essential.

66
Q

The role of water and fibre in peristalsis

A

water lubricates the digestive tract, fibre increase the bulk making the contractions more effective. Both water and fibre prevent constipation.

67
Q

Malnutrition results from

A

an unbalanced diet ( Lack of nutrient or excess nutrients)

68
Q

Individual dietary requirements influencing factors

A

Height/ weight/ gender/ age/ physical activity/ climate/ pregnancy or lactation/ fighting diseases

69
Q

How come age influence the dietary requirements?

A

The younger the person the higher the metabolic activities within the body

70
Q

The function of carbohydrates?

A

Provides energy

71
Q

the function of lipids

A

Provides energy (Ketosis) and essential fatty acids for the plasma membranes and some hormones ( steroid hormones)

72
Q

The function of proteins

A

provide essential amino acids for making structural proteins such as keratin. enzymes and antibodies. in starvation can be used for energy

73
Q

The two types of vitamins are

A

Fat soluble and water soluble vitamins

74
Q

Vitamin A function

A

Visual pigment and eye tissue formation

75
Q

Vitamin D function

A

Hardening of the bone

76
Q

Vitamin E function

A

Antioxidant ( protects against free radicals)

77
Q

vitamin K function

A

A factor in effective blood clotting

78
Q

Vitamin B

A

respiration, protein scythes, nucleic acids synthesis, nerve function

79
Q

Vitamin C

A

antioxidant, collagene formation, and assist gut iron uptake

80
Q

Functions of water in the human body

A

Solvent, hydrolysis, coolant and transport medium

81
Q

Minerals for strengthening of bones and teeth

A

Ca and phosphorus

82
Q

Mineral for muscle contraction

A

Ca

83
Q

Mineral for ATP , DNA and RNA synthesis

A

phosphorus

84
Q

Mineral part of haemoglobin and myoglobin

A

Iron

85
Q

Vitamin that is important for iron absorption

A

C

86
Q

Mineral that forms thyroid hormones

A

iodine

87
Q

The minerals that conduct nerve impulses and muscle function

A

Na,K

88
Q

The menials the maintain an osmotic balance

A

Na, Cl

89
Q

The mineral in the stomach acid

A

Cl

90
Q

The mineral responsible for the development of bones and teeth

A

Magnesium

91
Q

mineral responsable for wound healing and insulin function

A

Zinc

92
Q

Mineral that forms the enamel

A

fluoride

93
Q

Energy consumption is calculated by ?

A

monitoring oxygen consumption

94
Q

For every 1 dm3 of oxygen consumed how much energy will be made?

A

21.2Kj

95
Q

The nutrition guideline intake that was used in the 50s onwards as recommendations for individuals

A

The recommended dietary allowance

96
Q

The nutrition guideline that is more recent and applies to populations, taking into account that individual needs vary

A

The dietary reference values

97
Q

What is the estimated average requirement

A

is the average requirement for a population ( 50% of the group will need less, 50% will need more)

98
Q

What is the reference nutrient intake

A

Represents more than enough for most of the group

99
Q

Lower reference nutrient intake is for

A

people with low needs

100
Q

An example of a population that should use the lower reference intake

A

obese peple

101
Q

Safe Intakes

A

recommendations set well below toxic levels. ex. for vitamin A and fluoride

102
Q

Give reason reference nutrient intake of iron for adult females is greater than male adults

A

Due to the loss of blood in menstrual cycle

103
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

104
Q

How many essential amino acids are there

A

8

105
Q

how to get essential amino acids into your body?

A

diet ( animal proteins are rich in all essential amino acids

106
Q

Wheat is deficient in what amino acid

A

Lysine

107
Q

what amino acid is deficient in corn / maize

A

tryptophan

108
Q

what amino acid is deficient in soya beans

A

methionine

109
Q

Name the two essential fatty acids

A

Linoleic acid and linolenic acid

110
Q

The DVR for fat intake is

A

33%-35% of total energy intake

111
Q

The DVR for saturated fats is

A

no more than 10% of the total dietary energy

112
Q

Sources of essential fatty acids

A

vegetable and fish oils

113
Q

Why there is some increases in the DRV during pregnancy and lactation

A

Requirements change to support the growth of the uterus placenta and foetus

114
Q

what’s the point of taking folic acid during pregnancy ?

A

it protects against neural tube defects

115
Q

Why is breast feeding healthy?

A

During the first few days the mom produce colostrum rich in antibodies

116
Q

a cease where we have to increase the DVR

A

gut absorption disorders/ a patient on steroids

117
Q

Why can not the wounds in scurvy patients heal?

A

Vitamin C is a cofactor in the enzymic synthesis of collagen. Without collagen no healing will happen.

118
Q

Vitamin D as a hormone?

A

Vitamin D acts as a hormone stimulating the intestinal epithelial cells to absorb calcium

119
Q

A shortage or complete lack of food

A

Starvation

120
Q

People adapt to starvation by using

A

1-glycogen from the liver 2- fat stores 3- protein in muscle and other tissue

121
Q

Starvation results in?

A

protein energy malnutrition

122
Q

The two types of protein energy malnutrition are

A

kwashiorkor and marasmus

123
Q

what happens in kwashiorkor

A

blood proteins are broken down to supply energy. Asa result blood moves from capillaries into the tissues causing hem to swell (oedema). Particularly of the liver

124
Q

What happens in marasmus

A

reduction in size of the muscles

125
Q

symptoms of anorexia nervosa

A

loss of body fat, thin hair, limited sexual development and cessation of the menstrual cycle

126
Q

Obesity leads to

A

High blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, diabetes, coronary heart disease, cancer of colon, rectum, and prostate in men. and cancer of the uterus, cervix and breast in women.

127
Q

Explain why women are at less risk of developing coronary heart disease

A

oestrogen and HRT protect women

128
Q

Why is body mass is a risk factor for coronary heart disease

A

It increase the the cardio load and blood pressure

129
Q

what diet increase the risk of getting coronary heart disease

A

A diet that is high in saturated fat and salt

130
Q

Exercise can help with

A

controlling cholesterol levels, diabetes and obesity

131
Q

Mention three risk factors of coronary heart disease

A

High blood pressure, High glucose levels and diabetes

132
Q

what diet can decrease the risk factor of coronary heart disease

A

high in ant-oxidant vitamin B and E and high in fibre

133
Q

explain why some of the lowest rates of heart diseases are found in countries with high fat intake

A

This might be bc the fats are unsaturated that will reduce the cholesterol levels

134
Q

Why the consumption of vitamin E reduces the risk factor of a coronary heart disease ?

A

It is an anti oxidant and it protect the artery walls against atherosclerosis

135
Q

Examples of degenerative heart and circulatory system diseases

A

coronary heart disease and stroke

136
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

the build up of cholesterol, fibres, dead muscle cells and platelets in the blood vessels

137
Q

The layer of cholesterol blocking arteries

A

atheroma

138
Q

High vs Low density lipoprotein

A

High transports cholesterol from the tissues to the liver. Low transport cholesterol from liver to tissues.

139
Q

The causation of many coronary heart diseases?

A

Atherosclerosis in the left or right coronary arteries

140
Q

The 3 forms of coronary heart diseases

A

Angina pectoralis, Heart attack, heart failure

141
Q

What happens in Angina pectoralis

A

Severe pain due to shortage of blood to the heart muscle. No muscle death

142
Q

what happens in a heart attack ?

A

sudden and severe chest pain due to the blockage of coronary arteries. part of the muscle dies due to the lack of oxygen

143
Q

what happens in heart failure?

A

a blockage causes a gradual damage to the heart muscle. The heart weakens progressively

Biology 101 (6 decks)

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