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A & P > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

the nervous system is divided into

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

what makes up the CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

does the CNS or PNS further divide?

A

PNS

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4
Q

PNS divides into what two sections?

A

Sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent)

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5
Q

sensory (afferent)

A

sends impulses from the senses to the CNS

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6
Q

motor (efferent)

A

sends impulses from the CNS to the muscles and glands

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7
Q

is afferent or efferent further divided into two more sections? and what are these two sections called?

A

efferent; autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system

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8
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary muscle control

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9
Q

somatic nervous system

A

voluntary muscle control

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10
Q

is the autonomic NS or the somatic NS divided into two more sections? and what are these two sections called?

A

autonomic; sympathetic and parasympathetic

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11
Q

sympathetic

A

used in emergency situations (fight or flight)

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12
Q

parasympathetic

A

reduces sympathetic response and provides resting functions such as digestion and urination

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13
Q

the nervous system works with what other system?

A

endocrine

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14
Q

to do its job, the NS uses:

A

sensory inputs, integration, and response

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15
Q

what does sensory input do?

A

detects changes (stimulii) inside and outside of the body

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16
Q

what does integration do?

A

processes and interprets the info

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17
Q

what does response do?

A

activation of muscles (motor output) or glands

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18
Q

what are the two types of nerve cells?

A

neurons and neuroglia

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19
Q

neurons

A

conduct impulses around the body, 10%

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20
Q

neuroglia

A

“nerve glue”, support, insulate, and protect neurons, 90%

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21
Q

the cell body contains what structures?

A

nucleus, cytoplasm, and organelles

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22
Q

processes are divided into

A

dendrites and axons

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23
Q

dendrites

A

brings impulses towards cell body

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24
Q

axons

A

send impulses away from cell body

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25
Q

neurons are classified by the number of —— extending from the cell body

A

processes

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26
Q

unipolar processes

A

one process

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27
Q

bipolar process

A

two processes

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28
Q

multipolar process

A

many processes

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29
Q

neurons can be classified by their function; afferent, efferent, and interneurons

A

afferent neurons- carry impulses towards CNS
efferent neurons- carry impulses away from the CNS
interneurons- connect afferent and efferent neurons

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30
Q

axons are wrapped in what

A

myelin

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31
Q

what forms myelin

A

schwann cells that wrap themselves around the axon

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32
Q

the outer layers of the schwann cells are called the

A

neurilemma

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33
Q

myelin helps the nerve impulses to travel more quickly by jumping over the what

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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34
Q

neuroglia cells are found in CNS and PNS. in the CNS, the four types are

A

astrocytes: support and anchor neurons to surrounding capillaries
microglia: provide immune response to CNS
ependymal: secrete and circulate cerebrospinal
oligodendrocytes: provide myelin insulation to neurons in CNS

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35
Q

neuroglia cells are found in CNS and PNS. in the PNS, the two types are

A

satellites: support and anchor neurons in the PNS
schwanns: provides myelin insulation to neurons in PNS

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36
Q

The brain and spinal cord are protected by 3 layers of connective tissue called the what?

A

meninges

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37
Q

dura mater

A

thick, tough layer

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38
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

thin, cobweb like layer

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39
Q

pia mater

A

thin layer containing lots of blood vessels

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40
Q

between the arachnoid layer and pia mater is the what

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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41
Q

the CSF protects the —– by preventing it from contacting the ——

A

brain; skull

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42
Q

the CSF also maintains the —— which controls homeostasis for the brain and prevents infection

A

blood-brain barrier

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43
Q

the CSF is produced in spaces within the brain called

A

ventricles

44
Q

what are the four ventricles where CSF could be made

A

2 lateral ventricles, a third ventricle, and a fourth ventricle

45
Q

clusters of capillaries in the ventricles called —— secrete CSF, which flows around the ventricles then is absorbed by ——-

A

choroid plexuses; arachnoid granulation into the blood

46
Q

CSF is constantly being —-, —–, and —-

A

produced, circulated, and absorbed

47
Q

what is largest part of the brain

A

cerebrum

48
Q

the cerebrum is divided into two parts, divided by a bundle of fibers called

A

corpus callosum

49
Q

the surface of cerebrum is covered in ridges called — and grooves called —-, and deeper grooves called —- that divide portions of the brain

A

gyri; sulci; fissures

50
Q

the brain has 3 major layers (from superficial to deep)

A

Cerebral cortex: “grey matter”, made of cell bodies and dendrites
Cerebral medulla: “white matter”, made of myelinated axons
Basal nuclei: islands of grey matter

51
Q

the names of the four lobes of the cerebrum and where they get their names from

A

they are named for their parts; frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe

52
Q

frontal lobe

A

voluntary movements, reasoning and decision making, memory, ability to predict consequences of actions, planning, verbal communication- specifically broca’s area

53
Q

what separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

A

central sulcus

54
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensations, visual-spatial processing, body positions

55
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual processing- vision and memory of objects

56
Q

the frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobes by what

A

lateral sulcus

57
Q

temporal lobes

A

memory, comprehension and pronunciation of words, sensations of smell and sound, emotional association of memories

58
Q

diencephalon contains what three sections?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland

59
Q

thalamus

A

relays sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex for processing and sorting

60
Q

hypothalamus

A

tiny portion of the brain inferior to the thalamus.
-responsible for autonomic processes such as body temp, metabolism, and blood volume
-controls hormones released by pituitary gland
-part of the limbic system which has to do with emotions, pleasure, pain, etc

61
Q

three sections of the brain stem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

62
Q

midbrain

A

“mesencephalon”
-relays info to cerebrum
-controls body movement and posture

63
Q

pons

A

“bridge”
-almost completely made of “white matter” that links the cerebral cortex and cerebellum
-carries info from one side to another of the brain
-central control of breathing

64
Q

medulla oblongata

A

-located just above the spinal cord
-transmits impulses between spinal cord and brain
-controls blood pressure, heart rate, swallowing, and coughing

65
Q

cerebellum facts

A

-2nd largest part of the brain
-responsible for making movements more graceful and efficient
-“muscle memory”

66
Q

spinal cord facts

A

-extends from medulla oblongata to lumbar vertebrae
-covered in meninges for protection
-relays impulses between the peripheral nervous system and the brain through 31 pairs of spinal nerves
-has a cross section

67
Q

spinal cord cross-section

A

-butterfly of grey matter surrounded by white matter
-dorsal horns receive impulses from afferent nerves, then pass the impulses through the ventral horns to the efferent nerves
-dorsal and ventral roots contain the nerve fibers and join together to form a 2-directional spinal nerve

68
Q

reflexes

A

preprogrammed responses, they pathway they take is called a reflex arc

69
Q

5 elements of a reflex arc

A

receptor, sensory neurons, integration, motor neurons, effector

70
Q

5 major types of sensory receptors

A

mechanoreceptors (touch), thermoreceptors (temp), nociceptors (pain receptors), chemoreceptors (chemicals), photoreceptors (light)

71
Q

impulses produced in the skin are called —- sensations. these sensations include —, —, —, —, and —.

A

cutaneous; touch, heat, cold, pressure, and pain

72
Q

types of touch receptors

A

free nerve endings, Meissner’s corpuscles, Merkel’s disks, hair follicle receptors, Ruffini’s corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles

73
Q

Free nerve endings

A

sense pain, temp, touch, and pressure

74
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

encapsulated nerve endings found in hairless skin that detects light touch

75
Q

Merkel’s disks

A

detects light touch and pressure within the epidermis

76
Q

hair follicle receptors

A

detect movement of hair

77
Q

Ruffini’s corpuscles

A

detect deep pressure and stretching of skin

78
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

encapsulated nerve endings that detect deep pressure and vibrations

79
Q

touch is a —- sense because it includes many types of —- found all over the body.

A

general; receptors

80
Q

sight, hearing, smell, and taste are —- senses because their receptors are —- in —- organs or in a small area (eye)

A

special; clustered; specialized

81
Q

the eye is covered with the —, that meets the corners of the eye at the — — and the — —, and is lined with eyelashes

A

eyelid; medial commissure, lateral commissure

82
Q

conjunctiva

A

thin membrane that covers the surface of the eyeball and the inner layer of the eyelid. it secretes mucus to keep the eye moist/to lubricate it

83
Q

lacrimal apparatus

A

group of structures that also lubricate the eye

84
Q

lacrimal glands

A

above the eye constantly release tears to cleanse and moisten the eye. tears contain mucus, antibodies, and lysozyme. the tears drain into ducts called the lacrimal cuniculi, then into the lacrimal sac and finally into the nasal cavity through the nasolacrimal duct

85
Q

the eye is comprised of 3 tissue layers:

A

sclarea, choroid, & retina

86
Q

sclarea

A

white of the eye; made of fibrous connective tissue; protects and shapes the eye

87
Q

choroid

A

pigmented, vascular membrane that includes the iris and pupil

88
Q

retina

A

contains photoreceptors that turn light energy into nerve impulses.

89
Q

cornea

A

made of thick, transparent tissue. it allows light into the eye

90
Q

iris

A

colored part of the eye, located behind the cornea. works with the pupil to regulate light entering the eye

91
Q

pupil

A

opening in the center of the iris through which light enters

92
Q

lens

A

semi-solid disc that directs light waves towards the retina. the lens is controlled by the ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments. these both help bend/flatten the lens based on the distance of the image being viewed

93
Q

aqueous humor

A

fluid in front of the lens; nourishes the cornea

94
Q

vitreous humor

A

behind the lens; thick, jelly-like fluid that refracts light and fills the space between the lens and retina

95
Q

two types of photoreceptors

A

rods: distributed all over the retina. responsible for vision in low light; extremely sensitive
cones: concentrated in center of retina, responsible for detection of colors; less sensitive

96
Q

in order to see an image, light passes through the eye and hits the — — — (RPE) on the back of the eye. the light causes a — change that begins an —. this travels through the rods and cones, then — —, then — — before traveling to the brain via the optic nerve.

A

retinal pigment epithelium; molecular; impulse; bipolar neurons; ganglion cells

97
Q

forea centralis

A

tiny pit that contains only cones so it is the point that provides the sharpest image

98
Q

blind spot

A

where there are no photoreceptor. (where the optic nerve meets the eye)

99
Q

myopia

A

near-sightedness

100
Q

hyperopia

A

far-sightedness

101
Q

the ear uses — to accomplish collecting and transferring sound vibrations to the auditory nerve

A

mechanoreceptors

102
Q

auricle

A

collects sound waves that are then passed through the external auditory canal

103
Q

tympanic membrane

A

“eardrum”, sound waves from the auricle vibrate this

104
Q

middle ear contains what three bones (ossicles)

A

malleus, incus, and stapes; these amplify the sounds waves to the inner ear through a membrane called the oval window

105
Q

choclea

A

bony snail-shaped structure containing membranes filled with fluid (perilymph). the perilymph then vibrates the basilar membrane, which has tiny receptor cells attached to it. the hairs of the receptor cells move against the tectorial membrane, depolarizing the ends of the nerve cells and beginning an action potential. when the action potential is transferred through the auditory nerve, the brain registers these impulses as sounds

106
Q

maculae

A

receptor cell found in the choclea that helps to maintain static equilibrium; provides info to keep our head upright

107
Q

— — (hairs) of the maculae are embedded in a gel-like membrane with calcium salts called —- resting on it

A

receptor cells; otoliths

A & P (10 decks)

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