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A & P > blood > Flashcards

blood Flashcards

1
Q

what does blood do? (TRP)

A

-transports hormones, nutrients, oxygen, gases, and wastes
-regulates body temp, pH, and fluid volume
-prevents infections and blood loss

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2
Q

blood is a — tissue made of cells suspended (formed elements) in a — — (plasma).

A

connective; fluid matrix

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3
Q

what is a hematocrit?

A

the lab that tests your percentage of red blood cells (RBC’s)

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4
Q

in a centrifuge, the — will rise to the top and the — — will fall to the bottom

A

plasma; formed elements

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5
Q

blood is — times more — than water

A

5; viscous

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6
Q

blood has a — pH range of — to —

A

small; 7.35 to 7.45

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7
Q

we have about — to — liters of blood in your body at all times

A

5 to 6

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8
Q

plasma is made up of —% water and —% dissolved gases, salts, minerals, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, waste, and protein

A

90%; 10%

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9
Q

3 basic types of proteins found in plasma (FAG)

A

-Albumin: regulates osmosis between blood and tissues
-Globulin: transport substances or fight infection
-Fibrinogen: used in blood clotting

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10
Q

erythrocyte

A

red blood cells (produced in the bone marrow)

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11
Q

the function of the erythrocyte is to transport — around the body via — molecules

A

oxygen; hemoglobin

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12
Q

why is oxygen carried by erythrocytes?

A

oxygen is nonpolar, so it isnt soluble in blood. So, erythrocytes must carry the oxygen.

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13
Q

the structure of an erythrocyte is well-suited for its function. what is its stucture?

A

-biconcave shape allows for greater surface area
-round sides make for efficient flow through blood vessels
-no nucleus and few organelles so they dont use up the oxygen while transporting it

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14
Q

Hemoglobin is a protein composed of 4 chains called —

A

globin

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15
Q

each globin contains a flat molecule called a — which holds an — atom. each iron atom can bind to — O2 molecule, so one hemoglobin can hold — O2 molecules

A

heme; 1; 4

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16
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells

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17
Q

function of a leukocyte is to

A

protect the body from foreign cells or substances

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18
Q

granulocytes have —shaped nuclei and — granules

A

lobe; visible

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19
Q

agranulocytes have — or —shaped nuclei and — — granules

A

spherical or kidney; no visible

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20
Q

granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, & basophils

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21
Q

neutrophils

A

-engulf & destroy foreign bacteria
-most common & more are produced during an infection

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22
Q

eosinophils

A

-two-lobed nuclei
-kill parasitic worms ingested in food
-also lessen allergic reactions

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23
Q

basophils

A

-release histamines, which dilate blood vessels so other leukocytes can rush to an infection or allergen

24
Q

agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes & monocytes

25
Q

lymphocytes

A

-large, spherical nucleus
-although there are many lymphocytes in your body, most of them are found in your lymph nodes, rather than the bloodstream
-2 types: T-cells & B-cells

26
Q

monocytes

A

-nucleus is kidney-shaped
-when monocytes leave the blood & enter surrounding tissues, they become macrophages

27
Q

relative amounts of each type of leukocyte in blood

A

(most) Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas (least)

28
Q

thrombocytes

A

platelets

29
Q

thrombocytes are made of — — of other cells

A

tiny fragments

30
Q

thrombocytes function

A

responsible for clotting the blood when a vessel is broken

31
Q

hematopoiesis

A

process of blood cell formation

32
Q

where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

red bone marrow of adults

33
Q

all formed elements are derived from a common — cell (called a —)

A

stem; hemocytoblast

34
Q

hemocytoblasts differentiate into — stem cells which create lymphocytes and — stem cells which create all other types of blood cells

A

lymphoid; myeloid

35
Q

Hormones are the — factor for producing blood cells

A

stimulating

36
Q

what does erythropoietin stimulate the production of?

A

red blood cells

37
Q

what does colony stimulating factors (CSF’s) and interleukins stimulate the production of?

A

white blood cells

38
Q

what does thrombopoietin stimulate the production of?

A

platelets

39
Q
A
40
Q
A
41
Q

when a blood vessel is injured, — begin the process of forming a blood clot called —. this process is important in restricting blood loss after a cut or bruise

A

platelets; hemostasis

42
Q

describe the steps in hemostasis process

A

-blood vessel contracts, causing reduced blood loss at the wound
-platelets are chemically attracted to the wounded epithelium and stick together
-injured tissues release tissue factor which interacts with platelets causing production of the enzyme thrombin.
—>thrombin + fibrinogen proteins = fibrin filaments that form a mesh

43
Q

sometimes abnormal clots form within a blood vessel, this is called a —

A

thrombus

44
Q

if the thrombus dislodges and floats through the blood, it is called a —

A

pulmonary embolus

45
Q

how does an abnormal clot affect the body?

A

stroke, heart attack, or death

46
Q

antigen

A

substance (protein, peptide, or polysaccharide) that the body recognizes as foreign

47
Q

in the presence of an antigen, the immune system will produce — that bind to the antigen

A

antibodies

48
Q

as antibodies bind to the antigen, they clump together called

A

agglutination

49
Q

ABO blood groups

A

Type A- has A antigens, Type B- has B antigens, Type AB- has AB antigens, Type O- has neither A or B antigens

50
Q

universal donor blood type

A

O

51
Q

universal recipient blood type

A

AB

52
Q

the — — is determined by the presence or absence of an — — on red blood cells

A

Rh system; Rh antigens

53
Q

how do Rh antibodies differ from ABO antibodies?

A

Anti-Rh antibodies arent produced immediately, but mostly only when they come in contact with Rh+ blood

54
Q

explain why Rh antigens are monitored during blood transfusions and pregnancies

A

so that donated blood doesnt react with recipients blood. during pregnancy, if mother is Rh- and baby is Rh+, if any blood leaks between the baby and the mother, the mothers blood can form the anti-Rh antibodies, if she has another Rh+ kid, her body will treat it as foreign and destroy the babys RBC’s. Doctors can provide RhoGam to prevent the mothers blood from attacking the baby

55
Q

most americans (85%) are Rh —

A

positive

A & P (10 decks)

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