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Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Response to stimuli

A

Responsiveness or Iriritability

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2
Q

It consists of neurons that carry information into and out of the Central Nervous System

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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3
Q

It consists of the brain and, in vertebrates, the spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System

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4
Q

What is the main type of tissue comprising the vertebrate nervous system

A

Nervous Tissue

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5
Q

It comprises 10% of the total number of cells in the nervous system

A

Neurons

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6
Q

Special cells that are associated with neurons. They come in many different types, and they perform many different functions

A

Neuroglia or glial cells

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7
Q

Function of Neuroglia cells

A
  1. Support for the brain (physically)
  2. Assist in nervous system repair and
    maintenance (prune neurons)
  3. Assist in the development of the nervous
    system
  4. Provide metabolic functions for neurons
    (attach them to blood vessels)
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8
Q

Types of Neuroglia

A
  • Microglia
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Schwann cells
  • Ependymal cells
  • Satellite cells
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9
Q

Are small, ovoid phagocytes that monitor the health of neurons.

A

Microglia

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10
Q

Are the most abundant; they are highly branched. They cling to neurons and their synaptic endings, and cover capillaries

A

Astrocytes

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11
Q

Are glial cells that have processes that wrap
around the nerve fibers of the central
nervous system.

A

Oligodendrocytes

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12
Q

Wraps around the nerve fibers of the peripheral nervous system.

A

Schwann cells

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13
Q

Both of them produce or form myelin sheath

A

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

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14
Q

A type of glial cell that lines the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Ependymal cells

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15
Q

Are glial cells that surround and support neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system ganglia

A

Satellite cells

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16
Q
  • the basic structural and functional
    unit of the nervous system
  • electrically excitable
  • unusually long compared to other
    cell types; even considered
    longest cells in some cases
A

Neuron or nerve cell

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17
Q

Function of Neuron or nerve cells

A

Transmission of nerve impulse

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18
Q

Parts of a myelinated neuron

A
  • Cell body / Soma / Perikaryon / Cyton
  • Dendrites
  • Axon
  • Node of Ranvier
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19
Q

Central part of the neuron and contains the nucleus and others

A

Cell body

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20
Q

They carry impulses towards the cell body.
- short, branched, processes extending from cell body

A

Dendrites

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21
Q

Carries impulses away from the cell body.
- long process extending from the cell body

A

Axon

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22
Q

Gap in the myelin sheath between the adjacent Schwann cells or Oligodendrocytes

A

Node of Ranvier

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23
Q

Structures of Neurons

A
  • Anaxonic neuron
  • Bipolar neuron
  • Unipolar neuron
  • Multipolar neuron
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24
Q

Percentage of neurons that are multipolar

A

More than 99%

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25
Q

Types of Neurons according to function

A
  • Sensory Neurons or Afferent Neurons
  • Motor or Efferent Neurons
  • Interneurons or Associative Neurons or Intermediate Neurons
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26
Q

Transmit sensory information from receptors to the central nervous system.

A

Sensory Neurons or Afferent Neurons

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27
Q

Convey commands from the central nervous system to muscles or glands to initiate actions.

A

Motor or Efferent Neurons

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28
Q

Act as connectors within the central nervous system, facilitating communication between sensory and motor neurons and playing a role in information processing and integration.

A

Interneurons or Associative Neurons or Intermediate Neurons

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29
Q

Phases of Action Potential

A
  1. Resting (polarized) phase
  2. Depolarizing phase
  3. Repolarizing phase
  4. Hyperpolarizing phase
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30
Q

Are brain chemicals that
communicate information throughout our
brain and body. They relay signals between
nerve cells and between nerve cells and
effectors.

A

Neurotransmitters

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31
Q

Excitatory Neurotransmitters

A
  • Dopamine
  • Glutamate
  • Acetylcholine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Epinephrine
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32
Q

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

A
  • Dopamine
  • Serotinin
  • Gamma-Amino Butyric Acid
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33
Q

It is formed when cells of the nervous system are grouped together

A

Nerve Tissue

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34
Q

Group of cell bodies outside CNS

A

Ganglion

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35
Q

Group of neurons within CNS

A

Nucleus

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36
Q

Group of nerve fibers outside CNS

A

Nerve

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37
Q

Group of nerve fibers within CNS

A

Tract

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38
Q

Refers any physical or chemical change capable of exciting an organism or its parts

A

Stimulus

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39
Q

A cell or organ having a special sensitivity to some particular kind/kinds of stimuli

A

Receptor

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40
Q

Cell, Tissue, or organ which react to stimuli

A

Effector

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41
Q

Components of Nervous System

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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42
Q

General Function of Nervous System

A

Serves as information processing center
and central command post

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43
Q

It is protected by the cranium

A

Brain

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44
Q

It is protected by vertebral column

A

Spinal cord

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45
Q

The divisions of the Brain

A
  • Forebrain
  • Midbrain
  • Hindbrain
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46
Q

The largest part of the brain. Controls the somatosensory, motor, language, cognitive thought, memory, emotions, hearing and vision

A

Cerebrum

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47
Q

A wide thick nerve tract connecting the cerebral hemispheres.

A

Corpus Callosum

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48
Q

Function of Frontal Lobe

A
  • Motor control
  • Problem solving
  • Speech production
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49
Q

Function of Temporal Lobe

A
  • Auditory processing
  • Language comprehension
  • Memory / Information retrieval
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50
Q

Function of Parietal Lobe

A
  • Touch perception
  • Body orientation and sensory discrimination
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51
Q

Function of Occipital Lobe

A
  • Sight
  • Visual reception and Visual interpretation
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52
Q

Function of Cerebellum

A
  • Balance and coordination
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53
Q

Function of Brainstem

A

Involuntary responses

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54
Q

Acts as relay station for impulses travelling to and from spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum and cerebrum

A

Thalamus

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55
Q
  1. Monitors water concentration, hormone
    concentrations and body temperature
  2. associated withfeelings of rage,
    aggression, hunger and thirst.
  3. plays an important role as an intermediary
    between the nervous system and the
    endocrine system
A

Hypothalamus

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56
Q
  1. involved in the processing of emotions
    such as fear, anger and pleasure
  2. determines what memories are stored
    and where the memories are stored in
    the brain
A

Amygdala

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57
Q
  1. Formation, storage and organization of
    new autobiographical and fact memories
  2. Emotionalresponses
  3. Navigation
  4. Spatial orientation
A

Hippocampus

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58
Q

It is composed of parts of the
forebrain, including the hypothalamus ,
amygdala and hippocampus.

A

Limbic System

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59
Q

The small region of the brain that connects the forebrain with the hindbrain. It allows continuity of relay of information from the forebrain to the hindbrain and vise versa

A

Midbrain

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60
Q

Main parts/ Function of midbrain

A
  1. Superior colliculi (vision)
  2. Inferior colliculi (hearing)
  3. Tegmentum (consciousness)
  4. Cerebral peduncle (motor function)
  5. Red nucleus (motorfunction)
  6. Substantia nigra (motor function)
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61
Q

The most posterior region of the brain

A

Hindbrain

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62
Q

The second largest part of the brain

A

Cerebellum

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63
Q
  • helps control posture and balance
  • coordinates voluntary movements
A

Cerebellum

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64
Q
  • serves as a bridge between the cerebellar hemispheres
  • also involved in production of chemicals the body needs for sleep
A

Pons

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65
Q
  • controls breathing, heart rate, and a variety of reflexes
  • relay of nerve signals between the brain and spinal cord
  • coordination of body movements
A

Medulla Oblongata

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66
Q

Acts as regulatory system for sleep, waking, and alertness

A

Reticular Formation

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67
Q

What is the brainstem composed of

A

Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla Oblongata

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68
Q

It contains centers that regulate several functions that are vital for survival, which include blood pressure, heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and certain reflex actions such as swallowing and vomiting.

A

Brainstem

69
Q

Is an elongate tube that extends from the base of the brain to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It is protected by the vertebral column, meninges and CSF.

A

Spinal Cord

70
Q

Functions of Spinal Cord

A
  • Connects the brain with PNS
  • Controls responses that do not involve the brain
71
Q

Arises from the surface of the Brain

A

Cranial Nerves

72
Q

Arises from the Spinal Cord

A

Spiral Nerve

73
Q

How many pairs of nerves does the Cranial Nerve have

A

12 pairs

74
Q

How many pairs of nerves does the Spinal Nerve have

A

31 pairs

75
Q

What is the largest cranial nerve

A

Trigeminal Nerve

76
Q

What is the longest nerve

A

Vagus

77
Q

What is the shortest nerve

A

Olfactory

78
Q

Nerves in the Spinal Cord

A
  • Cervical Nerves
  • Thoracic Nerves
  • Lumbar Nerves
  • Sacral Nerves
  • Coccyligeal Nerves
79
Q

How many pairs of nerves does the Cervical nerve have

A

8 pairs

80
Q

How many pairs of nerves does the Thoracic nerve have

A

12 pairs

81
Q

How many pairs of nerves does the Lumbar nerve have

A

5 pairs

82
Q

How many pairs of nerves does the Sacral nerve have

A

5 pairs

83
Q

How many pairs of nerves does the Coccygeal nerve have

A

1 pair

84
Q

Referred to as “the system that never sleeps” and is composed of nerves which has opposite effects on various parts of the body involved the involuntary actions

A

Autonomic Nervous System

85
Q

It controls voluntary responses that control skeletal muscle contraction

A

Somatic Nervous System

86
Q
  1. controls the exchange of information
    between receptors, CNS and the
    skeletal muscle
  2. controls all voluntary responses
A

Functions of Somatic Nervous System

87
Q

The most common cause of dementia in elderly

A

Alzheimer’s disease

88
Q

A serious and often debilitating mental illness

A

Schizophrenia

89
Q

One of the most common mental disorders

A

Depression

90
Q

Are cells, tissues or organs
having a special sensitivity to some
particular stimulus

A

Receptors

91
Q

2 ways to classify receptors

A
  1. Based on location or source
  2. Type of stimulus it can detect
92
Q

A receptor sensitive to stimuli from external environment

A

Exteroreceptors

93
Q

A receptor sensitive to stimuli from internal environment

A

Interoceptors

94
Q

A receptor sensitive to both external and internal stimuli and are responsible for relaying information about our body’s
spatial position to the brain (muscle length and tension, limb position)

A

Proprioceptors

95
Q

A receptor that detect deformation of the receptors or adjacent cells; provide sensations of touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception, hearing, equilibrium, blood pressure, and stretching of internal organs

A

Mechanoreceptors

96
Q

A receptor that detect change in temperature

A

Thermoreceptors

97
Q

A receptor that can respond to stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissue

A

Nociceptors

98
Q

A receptor that detects light that strikes the retina of the eye

A

Photoreceptors

99
Q

A receptor that detects chemicals in mouth (taste), nose (smell), and body fluids

A

Chemoreceptors

100
Q

A receptor that can sense the osmotic pressure of body fluids

A

Osmoreceptors

101
Q

A receptor that is sensitive to pressure changes and are considered mechanoreceptors

A

Baroreceptors

102
Q

Are sites of sensory receptors which collect information from the external environment and relay it to the NS then to the effectors.

A

Sense Organs

103
Q

A receptor located within the skin or underlying tissues

A

Cutaneous (skin) receptors

104
Q

Dense collections of myelinated fibers

A

White matter

105
Q

Mostly soma and unmyelinated fibers

A

Gray matter

106
Q

Sensitive to heat, cold or pain
(thermoreceptors, nociceptors and mechanoreceptors).

A

Free nerve endings

107
Q

Respond to
touch and low-frequency vibration

A

Meissner’s corpuscles (tactile corpuscles)

108
Q

Detect stretch, deformation with joints,
and warmth (sensitive to pressure).

A

Ruffini Endings

109
Q

Very sensitive mechanoreceptor for
touch that is located at the base of the hair

A

Root hair plexus

110
Q

The largest skin receptor, very quick to
adapt to skin displacement (sensitive
to pressure).

A

Pacinian Corpuscle

111
Q

Mechanoreceptors, sensitive to cold,
more superficially located than Ruffini endings

A

Krause end bulbs

112
Q

Located superficially in the dermis,react slowly to pressure (sustained pressure)

A

Merkel’s disks

113
Q

Total or partial loss of feeling

A

Anesthesia

114
Q

Sensation of pricking and tingling followed by numbnesss.

A

Paresthesia

115
Q

An abnormal or pathological increase in sensitivity to
sensory stimuli, as of the skin to touch

A

Hyperesthesia

116
Q

A deadening or absence of the sense of pain without loss of
consciousness.

A

Analgesia

117
Q

Exaggerated sense of pain

A

Hyperalgesia

118
Q

3 distinct layer of tissue that composes the Eye

A
  • Fibrous coat
  • Vascular coat
  • Retina and a lens
119
Q

Thick fibrous
connective tissue that forms the
outer layer of the eyeball

A

Fibrous Coat

120
Q

A part of the vascular coat. It is the white part of the eye

A

Sclera

121
Q

A part of the vascular coat. The transparent front part; covered by a thin conjunctiva

A

Cornea

122
Q

The highly vascular, opaque and incomplete layer between the retina and the sclera

A

Fibrous Coat

123
Q

A part of the Fibrous coat. The
pigmented part at the back of the
eyeball that is rich in blood vessels

A

Choroid

124
Q

A part of the vascular coat. The layer innert o the junction of sclera and cornea; has muscles that control the size of
the eyeball

A

Ciliary Body

125
Q

A part of the vascular coat. It is the colored part of the eye; has a pupil and
muscles (radial and circular) that regulate the
diameter of the pupil

A

Iris

126
Q

It is the opening
(circular black area) in the center of the iris. Its diameter changes in response to light.

A

Pupil

127
Q

Are biconvex, circular, transparent
structure behind the pupil an elastic structure; its shape can be varied to adjust to objects at varying distances.

A

Lens

128
Q

The lens is held in place with the help of what ligament

A

Suspensory ligament

129
Q

Function of the Lens

A

Serves to focus the light on the retina

130
Q

What are the layers of the Retina

A
  • Photoreceptor layer : rods & cones
  • Intermediate layer : bipolar neurons
  • Internal surface : ganglia
131
Q

It is used for peripheral vision where the image produced is not sharp and in shades of gray

A

Rods

132
Q

It is used for photopic vision, capable of color vision and are responsible for high spatial acuity

A

Cones

133
Q

-the point on the retina where the optic
nerve leaves the eye
-no rod or cone (so no image is formed)

A

Blind spot (optic disc)

134
Q

It contains the densest concentration of cones and is responsible for sharp central vision like what is needed when reading or doing anything that requires visual detail

A

Fovea centralis

135
Q

It is a condition where the cornea or lens is
irregularly shaped so that it prevents light from focusing properly on the retina, thus
causing blurred vision. It is corrected with cylindrical lens.

A

Astigmatism

136
Q

It is a condition where the shape of the lens changes causing difficulty in focusing. It is corrected with bifocal lenses or with progressive lens

A

Presybopia

137
Q

It is a group of eye diseases that can
cause vision loss and blindness by damaging the optic nerve. The most common cause is high intraocular pressure

A

Glaucoma

138
Q

It is a vision condition in which the eyes make repetitive, uncontrolled movements.

A

Nystagmus

139
Q

It involves perception of chemicals in air by chemreceptors in the epithilium lining in the nasal cavity. The sense of smell is called?

A

Olfaction

140
Q

Refers to the inability to detect odors

A

Anosmia

141
Q

Refers to the decreased ability to detect odors

A

Hyposmia

142
Q

Very strong sense of smell

A

Hyperosmia

143
Q

It refers to the distorted identification of smell

A

Dysosmia

144
Q

It refers to the altered perception of smell in the presence of an odor, usually unpleasant

A

Parosmia

145
Q

Perception of smell without an odor present

A

Phantosmia

146
Q

It refers to the inability to classify or contrast odors, although able to detect odors

A

Agnosia

147
Q

Are chemicals released by animals that affect the behavior or physiology or animals of the same species

A

Pheromones

148
Q

It is the sensory function of the tongue

A

Gustation

149
Q

It perceives temperature and along with the rest of the mouth, it helps determine the food’s texture, oiliness, chewiness, viscosity and density and even pain like what is felt when food is hot

A

Tongue

150
Q

It refers to the inability to taste

A

Ageusia

151
Q

It refers to the decreased ability to taste

A

Hypogeusia

152
Q

It refers to the distorted ability to taste

A

Dysgeusia

153
Q

A bad taste in the moouth

A

Parageusia

154
Q

The weakest among the five senses

A

Taste

155
Q

Regions of the ear

A
  • Outer ear
  • Middle ear
  • Inner ear
156
Q

The earflap or auricle. Located in the outer ear

A

Pinna

157
Q

Narrow tube running from the pinna to eardrum. Located in the outer ear

A

Auditory canal / tube / meatus

158
Q
  • Consists basically of very thin
    sheet of skin and connective
    tissue
  • Ultimately converts and
    amplifies vibration in air to vibration in fluid
  • Located in the middle ear
A

Eardrum or Tympanic membrane

159
Q
  • Malleus (hammer)
  • Incus (anvil)
  • Stapes (stirrup)
  • Located in the middle ear
A

Ossicles or ear bones

160
Q

What connects the middle er to the pharynx

A

Eustachian tube

161
Q
  • A small fluid-filled, snail-shaped channel through the temporal bone
  • Contains the receptors for transduction of the mechanical wave into an electrical signal
  • Located in the inner ear
A

Cochlea

162
Q
  • Half-circular, fluid-filled tubes in
    the vestibular labyrinth
  • Located in the inner ear
A

Semicircular canals

163
Q

The fluid within the space (scala tympani and scala vestibuli) separating the membranous and bony labyrinths of the ear

A

Perilymph

164
Q

The fluid contained in the
membranous labyrinth of the inner
ear (cochlear duct)

A

Endolymph

165
Q

The receptor organ for hearing
located in the mammalian cochlea.

A

Organ of Corti

166
Q

Specialized sense organs for monitoring gravity and low-frequency vibrations present from cnidarians to arthropods

A

Stratocysts

167
Q

When sensory receptors reduce their sensitivity to a continuous, unchanging stimuli

A

Sensory Adaption

168
Q
A

zoology yawa (4 decks)

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