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Systems Physiology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Communication and integration of activities in the body are controlled by two systems ____ and _____

A

The nervous and endocrine system

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2
Q

Nerve cells that are able to conduct nerve impulses

A

Neurons

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3
Q

These kinds of neurons conduct impulses from receptors to the central nervous system

A

Sensory (Afferent)

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4
Q

Receptors sensors sensitive to light

A

Electromagnetic (Photo)

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5
Q

Receptors that respond to chemical stimulation

A

Chemoreceptors

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6
Q

Receptors that respond to temperature changes

A

Thermoreceptors

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7
Q

Receptors that respond to touch, pressure, or stretch

A

Mechanoreceptors

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8
Q

Receptors that respond only to painful stimuli

A

Pain receptors

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9
Q

Neurons that transmit impulses from the CNS to effectors

A

Motor Neurons

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10
Q

Efferent Neurons are another name for ______ neurons

A

Motor Neurons

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11
Q

Skeletal muscles are controlled by _____ neurons

A

Somatic Neurons

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12
Q

Neurons of the voluntary system

A

Autonomic Neurons

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13
Q

Neurons that are found between sensory and motor neurons

A

Interneurons

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14
Q

When a stimulus elicits an immediate response

A

Reflex

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15
Q

This is the most primitive level of nervous system control

A

The spinal cord level

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16
Q

This is a step up from the spinal cord level of nervous system control

A

The brain stem and Cerebellum

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17
Q

This is the highest level of nervous system control

A

The cerebral cortex of the cerebrum

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18
Q

The most common type of nervous system synapse, uses small molecule rapid acting chemical transmitter substances

A

Chemical Synapse

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19
Q

An example of a small molecule rapid acting transmitter is ______

A

Acetylcholine

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20
Q

Depolarization of the axons causes ______ ____ to pass into the axon tip from the interstitial fluid

A

Calcium Ions

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21
Q

To generate an ACTION POTENTIAL, the membrane must allow Positive charges to enter causing it to ________.

A

Depolarize (reverse its polarity)

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22
Q

Excitatory chemical transmitters generate action potentials by binding to receptors on _______ ______ sodium channels, allowing sodium ions to diffuse freely into the cell

A

Ligand gated

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23
Q

When the inside of a cell becomes more negative than normal, the cell is said to become ______

A

Hyperpolarized

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24
Q

This is when a minimum of 100 or so different excitatory neurons have to fire simultaneously to excite the cell.

A

Spatial Summation

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25
Q

This is when some excitatory cells may fire at high frequency, making them more effective in exciting a cell

A

Temporal summation

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26
Q

Inhibitory presynaptic cells may be stimulated and, exhibiting spatial or temporal summation, ______ the effect of the excitatory cells

A

Oppose

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27
Q

Normal membrane resting potential is about ____mv for CNS neurons

A

-65

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28
Q

These are membrane potential changes that make the inside less negative. e.g. -65 to -55

A

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials
(EPSP’s)

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29
Q

These are membrane potential changes that make the potential more negative e.g. -65mv to -70mv

A

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials
(IPSP’s)

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30
Q

Inhibition using IPSP’s, occurs rapidly and for short duration

A

Postsynaptic Inhibition

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31
Q

Inhibition, where inhibitory neurons act by decreasing the amount of excitatory transmitter released by the presynaptic neuron

A

Presynaptic Inhibition

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32
Q

The outer portion of the eye is composed of three tissue layers, the outer _____, the middle _____ and the inner _____

A

Sclera, Choroid, and Retina

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33
Q

The outer protective layer of the eye, is made of white fibrous _______

A

Sclera

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34
Q

Anteriorly the sclera becomes the translucent _____

A

Cornea

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35
Q

The middle layer of the eye, black in color because it absorbs light of all visible wavelengths

A

Choroid

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36
Q

Anteriorly the choroid forms the ____ and _____

A

Iris, and Ciliary body (structures that surround the lens of the eye)

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37
Q

The iris and ciliary body are the _____ eye muscles

A

Internal

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38
Q

The ciliary body is attached to the edges of the lens of the lens by _______ _________

A

Suspensory Ligaments

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39
Q

The hole in the center of the iris that allows for light to enter the eye

A

Pupil

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40
Q

The inner tissue layer of the eye

A

Retina

41
Q

The retinal layer of the eye contains tow types of photoreceptor cells ____ and_____

A

rods and cones

42
Q

As these kinds of rays of light from distant sources pass through the biconvex lens of the eye, they are refracted or bent such that the rays will converge with their focal point falling on the retina

A

Parallel rays

43
Q

The process used to correct the problem of blurred images hitting the retina is called

A

Accommodation

44
Q

The ability to accommodate correctly

A

Emmetropia

45
Q

Another name for far sightedness

A

Hyperopia

46
Q

Hyperopia

A

the eyeball is too short and the refractive power has to be increased by the ciliary muscles to accommodate a retina that is now closer to the lens

47
Q

Another name for near sightedness

A

Myopia

48
Q

Myopia

A

the eyeball is too elongated and the focal point for distant object falls in front of the lens

49
Q

Losing the ability to accommodate is referred to as ______

A

Presbyopia

50
Q

A condition of the lens that often occurs as part of the aging process.

A

Cataracts

51
Q

One of the intrinsic eye muscles associated with the choroid layer is the _____

A

Iris (Goo Goo dolls)

52
Q

The anterior cavity of the eye, in front of the lens, is filled with ______ ______

A

aqueous humor

53
Q

If aqueous humor is produced faster than it is reabsorbed, it accumulates in the anterior cavity, increasing the intraocular pressure, it causes this condition

A

Glaucoma

54
Q

Increase in pressure is reflected into the posterior cavity behind the lens filled with a more gelatinous substance called ______

A

Vitreous Humor

55
Q

In rods, the visual pigment is ______ combined with a protein called ______

A

Retinal and Scotopsin

56
Q

The combination of Retinal and Scotopsin is called ________, and whenn the _____ molecules are stimulated but light they undergo a step-wise degradation back to retinal and scotopsin

A

Rhodopsin

57
Q

Some cones respond to shorter wavelength ____ light, some to intermediate wavelength _____ light, and some to longer wavelength _____ light.

A

Blue, Green, Red

58
Q

Rods are able to do this _____, to different light intensities by converting between the active pigment retinal and the inactive form called retinol (aka vitamin A)

A

Adapt

59
Q

Retinol (inactive pigment) is also known as

A

Vitamin A

60
Q

To prevent over stimulation of rods and receptors from bright flashes of light, significant amounts of retinal are inactivated by conversion to retinol.

This process is called

A

Light adaptation

61
Q

When entering a dark space from a previously bright environment, eyes undergo this process, where stored retinol is converted back to retinal that reacts with scotopsin, and rhodopsin is formed

A

Dark adaptation

62
Q

A pure cone region near the center of the retina is called the _______ ______, less than a square millimeter it is the focal point of the retina

A

Fovea Centralis

63
Q

The focal point of the retina , the fovea centralis is marked anatomically with a yellow spot called the ____ _____

A

Macula Lutea

64
Q

An age related condition, an impairment of this most sensitive part of the retina

Associated with blurred vision and gradual loss of vision beginning centrally

A

Macular Degeneration

65
Q

Due to injury or irregularity of protein fibers attaching the retina to the pigment layer below, can survive for up to several days

A

A detached retina

66
Q

At the point where the optic nerve is attached, there is no overlying rods or cones. This location on the retina is called the ____ _____

A

Optic disk

67
Q

Optic Disk also known as

A

Blind Spot

68
Q

At the base of the brain, optic nerve fibers innervating the medial half of each retina crossover, this is called the ______ _____

A

optic chiasma

69
Q

From the optic chiasma, optic ____ lead to the visual cortex of the brain, located in the posterior part of the cerebral cortex

A

Optic tracts

70
Q

Eye movements within the orbits are provided by ________ skeletal muscles, six for each eye that move the eyeball within its socket

A

external

71
Q

How we judge distance, three ways ____ _____ and ____

A

Size of image on retina, moving parallax, and stereopsis-binocular vision

72
Q

If a close object moves slightly, it will still sweep a large portion of the retina, if a distant object moved the same amount the image will hardly move at all, by evaluating the perceived movement we judge distance via _____ _____ ( the second method)

A

Moving Parallax

73
Q

Since the eyes are located roughly two inches apart we aren’t seeing the same image in both eyes, the closer the object the more different the image becomes, interpretation of the magnitude of difference enables us to interpret distance via _____ _____ _____(the last method)

A

Stereopsis-binocular vision ( works best for near objects)

74
Q

The conduction pathway for sound waves transmitted in air is the _______ ear

A

external ear

75
Q

the chamber on the inner side of the tympanic membrane is the ______ ear

A

Middle ear

76
Q

The three small bones in each ear called ______, conduct sound waves through the middle ear

A

ossicles

77
Q

The handle of the first ossicle, the ______, is connected to the tympanic membrane

A

malleus

78
Q

The opposite side of the malleus is connected to the second ossicle, the ____, which in turn connects to the last ossicle, the ____

A

Incus, and Stapes

79
Q

The inner ear structure containing the receptors for hearing is called the _____

A

Cochlea

80
Q

The cochlea is essentially three parallel tubular passages coiled up like a snail, what are the three chambers ____ _____ and _____

A

Scala vestibuli, Scala media, and Scala tympani

81
Q

The oval window opens into the upper chamber, the _____

A

Scala vestibuli

82
Q

A thin membrane, the ______ separates the Scala vestibuli from the middle chamber

A

Reissner’s Membrane

83
Q

The middle chamber of the cochlea also known as the cochlear duct is the ________

A

Scala Media

84
Q

A thick membrane, the _____, separates the Scala Media from the lower chamber

A

Basilar Membrane

85
Q

The lower chamber of the cochlea also known as the ______

A

Scala Tympani

86
Q

The scala tympani and the scala vestibuli are filled with a fluid called _______, a fluid derived from tympani

A

Perilymph

87
Q

The scala media contains _____, which is produced by the scala media itself, it contains high concentrations of potassium ions

A

Endolymph

88
Q

The receptors for hearing are found on the basilar membrane in the scala media, these receptors are called the _____ of _____

A

Organ of Corti

89
Q

The organ of corti is a mechanoreceptor consisting of an array of _____ cells below a membrane called the tectorial membrane

A

hair cells

90
Q

What are the two types of deafness, ____ and ____ deafness

A

Nerve and Conduction Deafness

91
Q

In this type of deafness, neither vibrations transmitted through the external and middle ear, nor the vibrations conducted directly through the bones of the skull are perceived

A

Nerve Deafness

92
Q

In this type of deafness, transmission of sound vibrations from the external ear to the inner ear is impeded, usually caused by damage to the tympanic membrane, fusion of the ossicles, accumulation of ear wax, plugged Eustachian tubes or other blockages

A

Conduction Deafness

93
Q

Taste receptors called ____ ____ consist of groups of about 40 cells each embedded in the epithelial tissue of the tongue

A

taste buds

94
Q

Taste buds are an example of _____ receptors, due to molecules of substances entering the mouth binding to proteins in the membranes of the microvilli causing them to stimulate sensory neurons located below them

A

Chemoreceptors

95
Q

Taste buds receptors can be categorized into five categories : _____ _____ _____ _____ and ______

A

Salty, Sweet, Bitter, Savory, and Umami

96
Q

The spinal cord is separated into two halves right and left, by an ____ and _____

A

anterior fissure and a posterior sulcus

97
Q

A narrow band of grey matter called the ______ _____, forms a communication link between the two halves

A

gray commissure

98
Q

A ____ _____ continuous with the ventricles of the brain is found in the gray commissure

A

central canal

Systems Physiology (9 decks)

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