Cytology Flashcards
Homeostasis
the condition of being in the optimal steady state
Disease
follows loss of homeostasis
Homeostasis
the condition of being in the optimal steady state
Plasma
liquid extracellular fluid (for blood cells)
interstitial fluid
liquid extracellular fluid (living cells)
cytoplasm
intracellular fluid
cell
basic unit of life
tissue
structures formed by the same cell type
organ
groups of different kinds of tissue combined
Organ systems
Groups of organs that together are able to perform soe homeostatic function
Organism
Group of organized organ systems
Circulatory System
Continuously replenishes raw materials and removes waste products of cells, The HEART pumps the blood, the arteries distribute the blood, the capillaries exchange nutrients for waste and the veins collect the blood and return it to the heart
Respiratory System
Brings oxygen into the body where it rapidly enters the blood, transports carbon dioxide (metabolic waste) out of the body
Digestive System
Digests materials passing through the GI tract into absorbable forms in the bloodstream and eliminating the waste, providing the body with nutrients to sustain life
Skeletal System
Supports soft tissues against gravity, protects organs, and supplies blood to cells and important minerals
Muscular System
provides movement with organ systems including the heart (cardiac muscle) and other internal organs with visceral muscle and communication w/ skeletal muscle
Urinary system
purges metabolic waste from the body and keeps water and electrolytes in balance to control blood pressure
Nervous System
allows the body to perceive and respond to the environment and its conditions
Sensory receptors
Communicate information regarding conditions in the internal or external environment to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Central Nervous System
Assesses the condition and if necessary acts to change them by activating MOTOR EFFECTORS
Motor Effectors
respond to signals with muscle contraction or gland secretion
Endocrine System
control system alongside NERVOUS SYSTEM, exerts control by using blood-borne hormones to produce effects in target cells
Reproductive System
Contributes to the survival of the organism because every organism will ultimately fail and a new one must take its place
Nervous system (control)
Electrochemical control system
Endocrine system (control)
Chemical hormone control system
Gain
the degree of effectiveness of a control mechanism,
the higher the gain the better the control
Gain = Correction / Error
Positive feedback
the correction and error moving in the same direction,
e.g. loss of 2 liters of blood; output of the heart falls by half and the nervous system reacts but isn’t receiving enough blood to function properly all the while the heart is pumping less and less blood till the organ fails
Negative Feedback
When something deviates from the normal, a control mechanism alerts and causes it to revert back to normal
Feed Forward (control mechanism)
Making a blind attempt and assessing the result and correcting it the second time around
Fluid mosaic
the membrane that surrounds living body cells, double layer phospholipid membrane with proteins on the surface
Fluid Mosaic (Permeability)
Lipid soluble materials can pass through the lipid portion of the membrane, while water soluble materials move through pores in the proteins that penetrate the membrane
Concentration outside cell (interstitial fluid)
Sodium and Chloride Ions
Concentration inside cell (interstitial fluid)
Potassium and Magnesium ions
Diffusion
the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration as a result of random motion of dissolved particles
Osmosis
