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EMRG 1230- NEURO UNIT > Nervous System!!! > Flashcards

Nervous System!!! Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two systems that the brain are controlled by?

A

Autonomic nervous system (ANS) - involuntary
Somatic Nervous system (SNS) - voluntary

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2
Q

What are the 3 protections of brain?

A

the skull
meninges
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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3
Q

What are the meninges?

A

3 continuous connective tissue membranes covering the brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

What is dura mater?

A
  • outer layer tough, fibrous, double layered membrane
  • forms the dural sinuses which collect venous blood and CSF for return to the general circulation
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5
Q

What is the subdural space?

A

lies beneath the dura
potential space
(normally, empty can fill with blood after an injury)

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6
Q

What is arachnoid mater?

A

middle layer, loose web like covering

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7
Q

What is subarachnoid mater?

A

contains CSF and cerebral arteries and veins
lies below the arachnoid

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8
Q

What is pia mater?

A
  • inner layer
  • delicate, connective tissue that adheres closely to all convolutions on the surface of the brain
  • contains many small blood vessels
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9
Q

What is the order of the meninges from the brain outwards?

A

PAD- Pia Arachnoid Dura

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10
Q

What is CSF? And what does it do?

A

Cerebral Spinal fluid
Provides a cushion for the brain and spinal cord

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11
Q

What is CSF important to maintain in the brain?

A

normal ICP (inter cranial pressure) it is important that equal amounts of CSF are produced and reabsorbed

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12
Q

What is arachnoid villi?

A
  • small protrusions
  • they protrude in the venous sinuses of the brain and allow CSF to exit the sub arachnoid space and enter the blood stream
  • once in the blood stream, it is carried away and filtered by the kidneys and liver the same way other fluids are
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13
Q

What is the blood brain barrier??

A
  • protective mechanism provided by relatively impermeable capillaries in the brain
  • this barrier limits the passage of potentially damaging materials into the brain and controls the delicate balance of electrolytes, glucose and proteins in the brain
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14
Q

What are the cerebral hemispheres?

A

2 hemispheres seperated by a fissure (opening)

make up the largest portion of the brain

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15
Q

What is a fissure?

A

an opening that separates both hemispheres

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16
Q

What are the four major lobes of each hemisphere?

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

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17
Q

Each hemisphere is concerned with voluntary movement and sensory function to the _________ side of the body! What kind of pt is this important to know for?

A

OPPOSITE side

stroke patients- which area of brain is affected

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18
Q

What is the primary cortex repsonsible for?

A

primary cortex= responsible for recognizing and interpreting the received data

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19
Q

Your dominant hemisphere is the one that controls the ___________

A

language

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20
Q

What does broca’s area control?

A

controls the output of words- the ability to talk

located base of the let frontal lobe

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21
Q

What does WERNICKE’S area control?

A

comprehends language received both written spoken- understanding what you are saying

located posterior temporal lobe

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22
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

controls emotional reactions and feelings

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23
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

central portion of the brain
contains the thalamus and hypothalamus

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24
Q

What does the thalamus?

A

main nerve bodies that serve as a sorting and relay station for incoming sensory impulses

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25
Q

What is the hypothalamus key role?

A

in maintaining homeostasis in the body

regulation of body temp, intake of food, and fluid and the regulation of sleep cycles

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26
Q

What is the brainstem?

A

connects the brain to the spinal cord

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27
Q

What does the brainstem contain?

A

Pons
medulla oblongata
RAS- Reticular Activating System

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28
Q

What is the first thing to be affected when your brain starts swelling down?

A

Medulla oblongata

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29
Q

What does pons contain/do in the body?

A

It controls sleep cycle and breathing (inspiration/expiration)

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30
Q

What does the medulla oblongata do?

A

vital control center that regulate respiratory and cardiovascular function

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31
Q

What does the RAS stand for?

A

Reticular Activating System

32
Q

What does the RAS system determine?

A

the degree or arousal or awareness of the cerebral cortex
decides which of the incoming sensory impulses the brain ignores and which it notices

33
Q

What is the first part to be affected when your brain starts swelling downwards?

A

medulla oblongata

34
Q

What is your cerebellum??

A

coordinates movement and maintain posture and equilibrium

35
Q

What are the main arteries that are the blood supply to the brain?

A

internal carotid arteries
vertebral arteries

36
Q

What are the main arteries that are the blood supply to the brain?

A

internal carotid arteries
vertebral arteries

37
Q

The vertebral arteries branch off the _______ arteries!!!!

A

subclavian

38
Q

Where does the deoxygenated blood drain into to be returned into the heart?

A

right and left juglar veins

39
Q

What structure is located inside the head that supplied blood to the brain?

A

circle of willis

40
Q

What does the circle of willis ensure??

A

that blood flow remains UNIMPEDED in case any of the principle supplies are damaged

41
Q

Where are the cranial nerves located?

A

from the brainstem and pass into the skull to serve structures in the head and neck

42
Q

What are the two fibers that the cranial nerves consist of?

A

motor and sensory OR both

43
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves (pneumonic- Oh Oh OH to touch and feel A girls vagina so hot)

A

olfactory
optical
oculomotor
trochlear
trigeminal
abducens
facial
auditory/vestibulocohlear
glossopharyngeal
vagus
spinal accessory
hypoglossal

44
Q

What are the functions of the cranial nerves?
“some say marry money but my big brother says big booties matter most”

A

Sensory
Sensory
Motor
motor
both
motor
Both
Sensory
Both
Both
Motor
Motor

45
Q

What does the olfactory nerve control?

A

smell- sensory

46
Q

What does the optic nerve control?

A

vision- sensory

47
Q

What does the oculomotor nerve control?

A

eye movements including eyelids- motor

48
Q

What does the trochlear nerve control?

A

eye movements- motor

49
Q

What does the trigeminal nerve control?

A

general sensory- eye nose face or oral cavity teeth
speech muscles- motor

50
Q

What does the abducens nerve control?

A

eye movements- motor

51
Q

What does the facial nerve control?

A

taste, muscles of facial expression, scalp muscles
sensory and motor

52
Q

What does the auditory/vestibulocochlear nerve control?

A

hearing and balance - sensory

53
Q

What does the glossopharyngeal nerve control?

A

taste, gag reflux- sensory/motor

54
Q

What does the vagus nerve control?

A

external ear, parts of taste, heart and lungs smooth muscle, glands of GI system, diaphragm- sensory/motor

55
Q

What does the spinal accessory nerve control?

A

voluntary muscles of pharynx, head movements- motor

56
Q

What does the hypoglossal nerve control?

A

muscles of the tongue- motor

57
Q

Where does the spinal cord start?

A

the medulla oblongata

58
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

at the level of the 1st lumbar vertebra

59
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

nerves that innervate the skeletal muscles

60
Q

Where do ascending tracts relay info from and to??

A

the skeletal muscles to the brain

61
Q

Where do descending tracts relay info from and to??

A

from the brain to the muscles for movement

62
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

63
Q

What is an example of an acquired reflex?

A

salivation with smell of food!!

64
Q

What do neurons require for metabolism/function? (2)

A

glucose and O2

65
Q

What are the main parts of a neuron in the brain?

A

dendrite
cell body
axon
myelin sheath
nodes of ranvier

66
Q

How are impulse transmissions transmitted from cell to cell??

A

chemical neurotransmitters

67
Q

What are the types of chemical neurotransmitters? and what do they control??

A

acetylcholine- PNS

norepi/epi- SNS

dopamine- expecting a reward, motivation, reinforcement

serotonin- mood, sexual desire, apetite, sleep, memory and learning, temperature regulation, some social behaviour

68
Q

What does the central nervous system contain?

A

brain and spinal cord

69
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system contain?

A

autonomic nervous system & somatic nervous system

70
Q

What 2 systems does the autonomic nervous system contain?

A

SNS & PNS

71
Q

What 2 types of nerves does the somatic nervous system contain?

A

sensory and motor

72
Q

What is the role (type of control) of the autonomic nervous system??

A

acts as the involuntary control!!!

73
Q

What are the two chemicals associated with the SNS response? Explain what the SNS does!!

A

norepi and epi

FIGHT or FLIGHT!!!!, acts on stress, increases the level of activity including cardio, respiratory and neurologic functions!!

74
Q

What is the chemical associated with PNS?? Explain what the PNS does! What nerve is it inneverated by?

A

acetylcholine

dominated the digestive system and aids in recovery after SNS stimulation, slows HR, RR and constricts pupils

innervated by VAGUS nerve

75
Q

What is intercranial pressure? (define it)

A

the constant relative pressures of the brain tissue, blood and CSF !!!

76
Q

Because the brain is encased in the hard skull….. ANY increase in fluid (blood or fluid) or mass (tumour) causes an _______ of pressure on the BRAIN!!!!

A

INCREEEEEEEEEEASE.

77
Q

What does ICP result in in terms of the brain tissue?? (one word answer- hint: what happens physically to the brain after build up of pressure?)

A

COMPRESSION.

BRAIN= COMPRESSED

EMRG 1230- NEURO UNIT (8 decks)

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