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BI 121 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the nervous system?

A

communication

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2
Q

What are the two anatomical divisions of the nervous system and what are they composed of?

A

CNS- brain and spinal cord
PNS- all neural tissue outside PNS

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3
Q

What are the three functions of the CNS?

A
  1. sensory data
  2. motor commands
  3. higher function of brain
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4
Q

What are the two functions of the PNS?

A

deliver sensory info and carry motor commands

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5
Q

When referring to the PNS, what does the afferent division refer to? What about the efferent division?

A

Afferent= from PNS to CNS
Efferent= from CNS to PNS

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6
Q

What are the three divisions of the PNS? What do they control?

A
  1. Somatic nervous system: controls voluntary actions (skeletal muscles)
  2. Autonomic nervous system: controls involuntary action (visceral organs)
    3.Enteric Nervous System: controls gastrointestinal tract
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7
Q

What are the two efferent subdivisions of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic= fight of flight
Parasympathetic= rest and digest

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8
Q

What are the two general types of cells in the nervous system and what are their functions?

A

Neurons: cells that send and receive signals
Neuroglial cells: cells that support, insulate, and provide nutrients for neurons.

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9
Q

Dendrites

A

branched extensions of cytoplasm that conducte electrical signals toward cell body

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10
Q

Cell Body

A

contains nucleus, perikaryon

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11
Q

Axon

A

conduct nerve impulses away from cell body to another neuron, muscle, or gland

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12
Q

Cell bodies inside CNS

A

Nucleus

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13
Q

Cell bodies outside CNS

A

Ganglion

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14
Q

Axons and Dendrites in cylindrical bodies within CNS

A

tract

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15
Q

Axons and Dendrites found in cylindrical bodies outside CNS

A

Nerve

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16
Q

Axon Hillock

A

Where cellbody meets axon

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17
Q

Initial Segment

A

Area adjacent axon hillock where action potential is initiated

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18
Q

Synaptic terminal

A

bulb-shaped structure that contain synaptic vesicles. Filled with neurotransmitters.

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19
Q

Thre functional classifications of neurons

A
  1. Sensory neurons (afferent)
  2. Motor neurons (efferent)
  3. Interneurons
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20
Q

Anaxonic Neurons

A

found in brain and special sense organs

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21
Q

bipolar neurons

A

special sensory neurons found in retina

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22
Q

unipolar neurons

A

general sensory neurons of PNS (afferent fibers)

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23
Q

Mulitpolar nuerons

A

motor neurons found in typical spinal nerve (efferent fibers)

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24
Q

What is more common in the nervous system, neurons or neuroglia?

A

neuroglia

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25
Q

PNS glial cells

A

schwann cells and satellite cells

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26
Q

CNS glial cells

A

astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes

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27
Q

Astrocytes

A

florm blood brain barrier

28
Q

microglia

A

engulf wastes and destroy microbs

29
Q

ependymal cells

A

line ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord; produce, monitors and circulates cerebralspinal fluid

30
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

produce myeline sheath around axons of neurons in CNS

31
Q

What is the function of myelin, and what are myelin sheaths?

A

increases speed of action potential; gives axon white color

32
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

gaps between myelin sheaths

33
Q

multiple sclerosis?

A

autoimmune disease myelin sheath in CNS attacked

34
Q

White and gray matter

A

White= region of CNS with many myelinated tracts
Gray= unmyelinated areas of CNS

35
Q

Diptheria

A

Caused by corynebacterium diphtheriae. Infects respiratory tract or skin. Releases toxin that damages schwann cells and destroys myelinsheaths of PNS

36
Q

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

A

autoimmune disease, damages myelin sheaths that are produced by schwann cells in the PNS

37
Q

five main membrane potential processes involved in neural activity

A
  1. Resting potential
  2. graded potential
  3. action potential
  4. synaptic activity
  5. information processing
38
Q

Transmembrane potential

A

potential difference that results from the uneven distribution of positive and negative ions across the plasma membrane

39
Q

concentration difference in sodium and potasium at resting potential

A

potassium concentrated inside cell
sodium concentrated outside cell

40
Q

what passive forces are involved in causing the resting membrane potential

A

chemical gradients, electrical gradients, electrochemical gradients

41
Q

Which direction does each ion want to go with regard to each passive force?

A

chemical gradient= K out Na in
Electrical gradient= K in Na in
Electrochemical- K out Na in

42
Q

In mV what is the normal resting membrane potential inside the plasma membrane?

A

-70

43
Q

Which ion can cross the plasma membrane easier?

A

K

44
Q

What is equilibrium potential?

A

the transmembrane potential at which there is no net movement of a particular ion across the cell membrane

45
Q

What is the active force that acts to balance the passive forces to maintain resting potential?

A

sodium potasium exchange pump

46
Q

Depolarization

A

more positive then resting potential

47
Q

repolarization

A

coming back to resting potential after depolaraization

48
Q

hyperpolarization

A

more negative then resting potential

49
Q

how does sodium rush into cell to change resting membrane potential?

A

opening a specific membrane channel

50
Q

Two types of gated channels

A
  1. chemically gated (dendrites and somas)
  2. voltage-gated channels (axon)
51
Q

When are passive and gated channels open?

A

passive- always open
active- open and close in response to stimuli

52
Q

what are graded potentials and where do they occur in a neuron

A

variable-strength electrical signals that travel over short distances and lose strength as they travel away from source. greater the stimulus the bigger the change in the transmembrane potential and greater the area affected

53
Q

how are graded potentials at the opposite ends of neuron linked together?

A

action potential

54
Q

What is an action potential?

A

large, uniform electric signal that can travel great distance without loosing strength. occur in axons.

55
Q

in mV what is considered threshold?

A

-60 to -55

56
Q

generation of action potential

A
  1. depolarization to threshold
  2. activation of Na channels
  3. closing of Na voltage gated channels, opening of K voltage gated channels
  4. return to normal resting potential
57
Q

electrical synapses

A

direct physical contact between cells

58
Q

chemical synapes

A

signal transmitted across gap by chemical neurotransmitters

59
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A

cause depolarization of postsynaptic membranes

60
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

cause hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membranes

61
Q

cholinergic synapse

A

any synapse that releases ach

62
Q

Postsynaptic potentials

A

graded potentials developed in a postsynaptic cell in response to neurotransmitters

63
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potential

A

graded depolarization of postsynaptic membrane

64
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A

graded hyerpolarization of postsynaptic membrane

65
Q

temporal summation

A

repeated stimuli at one synapse

66
Q

spatial summation

A

many stimuli arrive at multiple synapse.

BI 121 (4 decks)

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