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BI 121 > Musclular System > Flashcards

Musclular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Study of Muscles?

A

Myology

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2
Q

What characteristics make muscles highly specialized?

A

Excitability, Contractility, Elasticity

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3
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Structure: striated, multinucleated
Function: move and stabalize skeleton
Location: around bones
Control: voluntary

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4
Q

Cardiac Muscles

A

Structure: striated with intercaliated discs
Function: cirrculate blood
Location: heart
Control: involuntary

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5
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Structure: smooth and spindle shaped
function: controls diameter of passageways, and moves food, urine, and reproductive tract secretions.
Location: around blood vessesl and walls of hollow organs
Control: involuntary

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6
Q

Which type of muscle is included in the muscular system?

A

Skeletal Muscle

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7
Q

What attaches skeletal muscles to bone?

A

Tendons

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8
Q

Five major functions of skeletal muscle:

A
  1. produce body movements
  2. stabalize body position
  3. storing and moving substances in the body
  4. heat production
  5. store nutrient reserves
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9
Q

Layers of connective tissue:

A

Epimysium- around whole muscle
Perimysium- around muscle fasical
Endomysium- around muscle fiber

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10
Q

Where are myosteliite cells found and what is their function?

A

in endomysium, stem cells that repair damages muscle tissue

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11
Q

Muscle fascicle

A

groups of muscle fibers

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12
Q

What makes a Tendon?

A

extension of connective tissue layers

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13
Q

Aponeuroses

A

flat thick tendon

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14
Q

What stem cells fuse to form muscle fibers?

A

myoblasts

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15
Q

What is the sarcolemma and where is it found?

A

Cell membrane on outside of cell

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16
Q

What is sarcoplasm

A

like cytoplasm

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17
Q

Where is the sarcoplasmic reticulum located and what is its function?

A

the organelle that surrounds myofibril. stores and releases calcium for muscle contraction.

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18
Q

Transverse Tubules and their function

A

network of tubules in sarcolemma used to convey electrical impulses for muscle contraction.

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19
Q

Myofibril, what is it composed of and how many are in a muscle fiber?

A

bundles of proteins myofilaments

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20
Q

what are myofilaments and where are they found?

A

protein filaments responsible for muscle contraction
Actin= thin
myosin= thick

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21
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

smallest contractile unit of muscle fiber; basic functional unit of muscle fiber

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22
Q

atrophy vs. hypertrophy

A

atrophy= muscle wasting
hypertrophy= muscle increase in size

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23
Q

organization of a muscle

A

epimysium, whole muscle, perimysium, muscle fascicles and fibers, endomysium, sarcolema, muscle fiber, sarcoplasmic reticulum, myofibril, myofilaments

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24
Q

z disc

A

anchor thin filament

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25
Q

m line

A

anchor thick filament

26
Q

a band

A

contain thick filaments and zone of overlap

27
Q

I band

A

contain only thin filaments

28
Q

troponin

A

controls tropomyosin and calcium binds to it

29
Q

tropomyosin

A

lies in actins groove and acts to block myosin from attaching to actin’s active site

30
Q

myosin

A

motor protein with short rods that have globular heads, forms cross-bridges during contraction

31
Q

Sliding filament mechanism

A
  1. action potential leads to the release of calcium by sarcoplasmic reticulum. calcium binds to troponin producing a change in the orientation of the troponin- tropomyosin complex that exposes the active sites on actin
  2. cross-bridges form when myosin heads bind to active sites
  3. myosin heads pivots toward the m line actin slides toward m line and sarcomere contracts
  4. ATP gives myosin head energy to unattach and re-set
32
Q

Rigor mortis

A

time period of muscle rigidity following death

33
Q

Neuromusclular junction

A

synapse between somatic motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber

34
Q

presynaptic cell

A

neuron recieve messege

35
Q

postsynaptic cell

A

neuron send message

36
Q

synapse

A

site of communication between nerve cell and another cell

37
Q

motor unit

A

a somatic motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

38
Q

motor end plate

A

region of sarcolemma and opposite of synaptic terminals

39
Q

synaptic terminal

A

expanded tip of axon at NMJ

40
Q

synaptic cleft

A

space that separates synaptic terminal from motor end plate

41
Q

physiology at NMJ

A
  1. action potential travels down axon to synaptic terminal
  2. opens calcium channels in synaptic terminal which causes a sudden change in the terminal’s membrane potential
  3. Ach diffuses into synaptic cleft. Ach inds to receptors on surface of sarcolemma at the motor end plate. This increases the sarcolemma’s pereability to sodium. Sodium rushes into sarcoplasm
  4. sudden rush of sodium into sarcoplams results in an action potential in the sarcolemma.
42
Q

What enzyme breaks down acetylcholine?

A

Acetylcholinesterase

43
Q

What produces the botulinum toxin and what affect does it have?

A

caused by bacterium clostridium botulinum. Blocks release of synaptic vesicles at NMJ

44
Q

affects of nerve gas and insecticides

A

inhibits AChE and causes potentially fatal paralytic convulsions

45
Q

affect of cobra toxin and curare

A

blocks ACh receptors

46
Q

What three factors are involved in determining how long a muscle contraction will last?

A
  1. duration of neural stimulation
  2. number of free calcium ions in sarcoplasm
  3. availability of ATP
47
Q

Three ways skeletal muscle fiber tension can be increased

A
  1. changes in sarcomere length
  2. stimulus frequency
  3. motor unit recruitment
48
Q

which sarcomere length provides the maximum ability to generate tension?

A

Intermediate fiber resting length

49
Q

What is treppe?

A

When stimulation occurs immediately after relaxation phase

50
Q

what is wave summation and tetanus?

A

when stimulus frequency is greater than duration of single twitch

51
Q

what is recruitment?

A

an increase in the number of active motor units

52
Q

motor unit size and function

A

size indicates how fine the control of movements will be

53
Q

What are the three sources of ATP in muscle fibers

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Aerobic metabolism
  3. Creatin phosphate
54
Q

Which molecule stores most of the glucose in muscle fibers?

A

glycogen

55
Q

Which provides the most ATP?

A

Aerobic metabolism

56
Q

What does excessive pyruvate get converted into?

A

lactic acid. decreases pH and causes fatigue

57
Q

Slow, fast, and intermediate muscle fibers

A

Slow:
Fatigability= fatugue resistant
contraction speed= slow
diameter size= 1/2 diameter of fast fibers
amount of myoglobin, mitochondria, and blood capillaries= ^
Fast:
Fatigabuility= fatigable
contraction speed= fast
diameter size= large
amount of myoglobin, mitochondria, and blood capillaries= low

58
Q

why do fast fibers have a white appearance and slow fibers have a red appearance?

A

slow more blood flow

59
Q

can you train to increase the effectivness of each fiber?

A

yes

60
Q

What is muscular dystrophy and myasthenia gravis?

A

Dystrophy- congenital diseases that produce progressive muscle weakness and deterioration
MG- progressive muscular weakness due to loss of acetylcholine receptors at motor end plate.

BI 121 (4 decks)

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