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BI 121 > Brain and Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Brain and Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

What are meninges?

A

layers of tissue that protect the spinal cord

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2
Q

Three layers of meninges

A
  1. dura mater
    -epidural space (blood vessels and fat)
  2. arachnoid mater
    -subarachnoid space (filled with CSF)
  3. pia matter
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3
Q

menegitis

A

inflammation of meninges

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4
Q

what does the white matter of the spinal cord contain?

A

ascending tracts (sensory info toward brain)
descending tracts (outgoing motor info from brain)

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5
Q

what does a dorsal root contain?

A

axons of sensory afferent neurons

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6
Q

what does a ventral root contain?

A

axons of motor efferent neurons

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7
Q

What does a dorsal root ganglion contain?

A

cell bodies of sensory neurons

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8
Q

what does a spinal nerve contain?

A

space where dorsal and ventral roots join

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9
Q

what are dermatomes?

A

area of skin that provides sensory input via the dorsal roots of one pair of spinal nerves (help diagnosis damage of specific vertebrae)

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10
Q

what causes shingles?

A

caused by a virus that attacks dorsal roots which produces a painful rash and blisters on skin whose distribution corresponds to that of the affected sensory nerves

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11
Q

what is a reflex?

A

rapid automatic responses to specific stimuli

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12
Q

what is a relfex arc

A

the wiring of a single reflex

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13
Q

steps of a simple neural reflex

A
  1. stimulus activates a receptor
  2. sensory neuron stimulated
  3. info processing in CNS
  4. activation of motor neuron
  5. response of peripheral effector
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14
Q

What are the four ways a reflex can be classified?

A
  1. development
  2. response
  3. processing site
  4. complexity of circuit
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15
Q

develpmental classification

A

inate relfex- born with
acquired reflex- learned

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16
Q

response classification

A

somatic- skeletal muscle
visceral- action of smooth muscle, cardial muscle, or glands

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17
Q

complexity of circuit classification

A

monosynaptic- one synapse
polysynaptic- multiple synapse

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18
Q

processing site classification

A

spinal reflex- precessed in spinal cord
cranial reflex- processed in brain

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19
Q

describe the reflex arc of a monosynaptic stretch reflex

A
  1. muscle spindle stretched
  2. stimulus travels via afferent neurons to spinal cord
  3. synapse with efferent motor neuron which tells muscle to contract
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20
Q

describe the relfex arc of a polysynaptic withdrawal reflex

A

interneurons control more than one muscle group, responses could involve stiumulation of some muscle and inhibition of others

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21
Q

what information is provided by testing different spinal reflexes?

A

info about status of corresponding spinal segments

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22
Q

what is the babinski reflex?

A

when stimulated an adult will point toes, baby will flare their feet.

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23
Q

what is a neural tube?

A

a hollow cylinder that is the start of the CNS during embryonic development

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24
Q

How many primary brain vesicles are there?

A
  1. forebrain (prosencephalon)
  2. midbrain (mesencephalon)
  3. hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
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25
Q

at what point do the secondary brain vesicles develop?

A

after 5 weeks of development

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26
Q

How many vesicles are there once the secondary brain vesicles develop?

A

cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus) brain stem (mesencaphalon… midbrain… pons, medulla oblongata)

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27
Q

What does the hollow part of the tube develop into?

A

The CNS

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28
Q

What are ventricles?

A

cerebrospinal fluid filled chambers of the brain

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29
Q

List the ventricles

A
  1. lateral ventricles (I and II), drained by interventricular foramen into…
  2. third ventricle, drained by cerebral aqueducts into…
  3. fourth ventrical, becomes continuous with central canal of spinal cord
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30
Q

Three cranial meninges

A
  1. dura mater
  2. arachnoid mater
  3. pia mater
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31
Q

what are the functions of CSF and how is it formed?

A

surrounds all exposed surfaces of CNS, cushions delicate neural structures, transpots nutrients chemical messengers and waste products. Formed by choroid plexus- specialized ependymal cells and capillaries that secrete CSF and remove waste

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32
Q

Function of the Medulla oblongata

A

cardiac centers regulate heart beat, respiratory rhythmicity center sets pace of breathing. Als o regulates autonomic functions

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33
Q

Function of the pons

A

controls smooth transition between inhalation and exhalations

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34
Q

function of the midbrain

A

processes visual and auditory data and then generates startle relfex

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35
Q

what is decussation and where does it come occur?

A

crossing over of most descending tracts that occurs in medulla oblongata

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36
Q

What is the main function fo the cerebellum

A

controls and coordinates the contraction of skeletal muscles

37
Q

What are the major regions of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

38
Q

Primary function of the thalamus

A

relay center for sensory and motor pathways

39
Q

primary function of the hypothalamus

A

involuntary control center of the body

40
Q

What is the limbic system known as?

A

emotional brain

41
Q

Functions of the amaygdala

A

links emotions with memories

42
Q

functions of the hippocampus

A

involved in learning

43
Q

What is the gray matter of the cerebrum called?

A

cerebral cortex

44
Q

What part of the cortex is know as the primary sensory cortex?

A

parietal lobe (postcentral gyrus)

45
Q

what part of the cortex is know as the primary motor cortex?

A

frontal lobe (precentral gyrus)

46
Q

what is the function of the prefrontal cortex?

A

performs abstract intellectual functions

47
Q

In the cerebral cortex, where are the auditory, olfactory, motor speach, and visual areas?

A

Auditory and olfactory- temporal lobe
motor speech- left cerebral hemisphere
visual- occipital

48
Q

what is the function of the association areas of the cerebral cortex?

A

interpret incoming data or coordinate a motor response

49
Q

what does hemispheric lateralization mean?

A

functional differences between the left and right hemispheres

50
Q

what information does an EEG give?

A

electrical activity of the brain

51
Q

What stimuli do each of the following general sensory receptors sense: nociceptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and chemoreceptors

A

nociceptors- pain
thermoreceptors- temperature
mechanoreceptors- stimuli that distort their plasma membranes
chemoreceptors- water-soluble and lipid-soluble substances that are dissolved in the body fluids

52
Q

what is hydrocephalus?

A

water on the brain- CSF builds up and forces cranial bones to enlarge

53
Q

what is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?

A

progressive degenerative disorder that affects motor neurons. Causes atrophy of associated skeletal muscles.

54
Q

Spinothalamic pathway

A
  1. from receptor to synapse in spinal cord
  2. crosses spinal cord and reaches thalamus
  3. from thalamus to primary sensory cortex
    carry crude touch, pressure, pain, and temperature sensations
55
Q

posterior column pathway

A

ends at primary sensory cortex, carries sensation of highly localized fine touch

56
Q

spinocerebellar pathway

A

carries propriceptive information about postiion of skeletal muscles, joints, and tendons to cerebellum

57
Q

How many neurons does it take in the somatic and autonomic nervous system to reach effector?

A

A- 2
S-1

58
Q

What are the effectors in the somatic and autonomic systems and are they consciously or subconsciously controled

A

A- glands, cardiac, smooth (unconscious)
S- skeletal muscle )conscious)

59
Q

Do all organs have dual innervation?

A

No- blood vessels are only controlled by the sympathetic divison

60
Q

Two efferent divisons of the autonomic NS

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

61
Q

Where are the sympathetic autonomic ganglia?

A

close to the spinal cord

62
Q

where are the parasympathetic autonimic ganglia

A

near target organ

63
Q

What neurotransmitters are release by preganlgionic and postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system

A

Pre- ACh
Post- NE and E

64
Q

What neurons are released by preglanglionic and postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic NS

A

pre- ACh
Post- ACh

65
Q

Receptors that are stimulated by ACh are____; whereas receptors that are stimulated by NE and E are____

A

Cholinergic; adrenergic

66
Q

Nicotinic receptors

A

chemicallly gated ion channels; ACh always excited the poastynaptic cell with these receptors

67
Q

Muscarinic receptors

A

stimulation activates a G protein which activates or inactivates enzymes within the cell

68
Q

Heart rate

A

S- increase
P- decrease

69
Q

Lungs diameter

A

s- dialate
p- constrict

70
Q

GI and Urinary Tract sphincters

A

S- constrict
P- dialate

71
Q

Which two receptors initiate important autonimic reflexes?

A

Baroreceptors (change in pressure)
Chemoreceptors (change in pH)

72
Q

What are the 5 special senses

A

olfaction, gustation, equilibrium, hearing, vision

73
Q

Neurogenesis

A

complete turnover (olfactor receptors every month)

74
Q

Olfactory pathway

A
  1. collct into 20 or more bundles
  2. pass through olfactory foramina in cribriform plate of ethmoid
  3. reach olfactory bulbs of cerebrum where first synapse occurs
  4. axons leaving olfactory bulb traveling along olfactory tract to reach cerebral cortex
75
Q

Where are taste receptors located

A

tongue and soft palate pharynx and epiglotis

76
Q

What are the epithelial projections on your tongue called that taste buds are associated with?

A

papillae

77
Q

What are filiform papillae?

A

contain tactile receptors but no taste buds

78
Q

Gustatory pathway

A
  1. three cranial nerves contain axons of sensroy neurons from taste buds
  2. these cranial nerves synapse with part of the medulla oblongata then on the thalamus and then cerbral cortex
79
Q

function of auditory tube

A

permits equalization of pressure on either side of tympanic membrane

80
Q

what structures in the inner ear contain receptors for the sense of equilibrium and sense of hearing

A

Semicircular canals and vestibule- equilibrium
cochlea- hearing

81
Q

what is the fluid called within the bony labyrinth

A

perilymph

82
Q

fluid in membranous labryinth

A

endolymph

83
Q

oval window

A

where cochlear begins

84
Q

round window

A

cochlea ends

85
Q

sense of equilibrium

A

state of balance information about position and movement of head

86
Q

two parts of the vestibule

A

utricle and saccule

87
Q

pathway for equilibrium sensation

A
  1. vestibular receptors of semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule to
  2. vestibular branch of vestibulocochlear nere to
  3. medulla/ pons junction to
  4. cerebellum and cerebral cortex
88
Q

describe the auditory pathway

A

sound waves stimulates the tympanic membrave-auditory ossicles-oval window-fluid in cochlea-basilar membrane-cochlear branch of vestibulocochlear nerve-medulla-thalmus-cerebral cortex

BI 121 (4 decks)

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