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Anatomy > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the cells in the nervous system

A

nerve cell [ neurones ]
supporting cells [ glial cells , neuroglial cells , neuroglia ]

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2
Q

what are neurons made of

A

cell body [ soma ]
process

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3
Q

what is the soma made of

A

cytoplasm containing organelles and inclusions
central nucleus containing nucleolus

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4
Q

what are the process of neurone

A

single axon
dedrites

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5
Q

what is axon and the function

A

single
the largest process of the neurone
it is used to communicate with other nuerons

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6
Q

what is dendrites and their function

A

short and hughly branched
recieve impulse from other neurons and transmit it to cell body

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7
Q

what are neurons classified to according to number of processes

A

unipolar : true unipolar , pseudo unipolar
bipolar
multipolar

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8
Q

where are pseudounipolar neurons found

A

dorsal root ganglia

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9
Q

where are bipolar neurons found

A

special sense cells

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10
Q

where are multipolar cells found

A

most neurons

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11
Q

what is synapses

A

point of contact between two nerve cells or a nerve cell and a muscle or gland

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12
Q

what is synapses made of

A

presynaptic element
synaptic cleft
postsynaptic element

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13
Q

what is presynaptic element

A

mostly axon containing many synaptic vesicles and mitochondria

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14
Q

how long is synaptic cleft

A

20 nm

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15
Q

what are the types of synapses and the elements in them

A
  • axodendritic ; axon and dendrite
  • axonaxonic ; axon and axon
  • axosomatic ; axon and cell body
  • neuromascular junction ; axon and muscle fiber
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16
Q

what are central neuroglial cells

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglial
    -ependymal
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17
Q

function of astrocytes

A

support and protection

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18
Q

function of oligodendrocytes

A

formation of mylien

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19
Q

function of microglial

A

phagocytosis and protection against infection

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20
Q

where are ependymal cells found

A

lining the ventricles of the brain

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21
Q

what are the prepheral neuroglia

A

shwann cells
satallite cells

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22
Q

function of shwann cells

A

formation of mylien sheath

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23
Q

function of satallite cells

A

suround neurons

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24
Q

what are divisions of nervous system

A

central
prepheral

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25
Q

what does the CNS consist of

A

brain spinal cord

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26
Q

what are types of peripheral nervous system

A

peripheral somatic NS
peripheral autonomic NS

27
Q

what does the somatic prephiral NS consist of

A

31 pair of spinal nerves
12 pairs of cranial nerves
associated spinal and cranial ganglia

28
Q

what does the autonomic peripheral NS consist of

A

sympathetic part
parasympathetic part
associated autonomic ganglia

29
Q

what does the sympathetic sutonomin PNS consist of

A

thoracolumbar part

30
Q

what does the parasympathetic PNS consist of

A

craniosacral part

31
Q

what is the brain divided into

A

cerebrum
cerebellum
brainstem

32
Q

what does the cerebrum consist of

A

cerebral hemispheres
diencephalon

33
Q

what does the brainstem consist of

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblingata

34
Q

function of cerebral hemispheres

A

contain the higher sensory and motor centers

35
Q

what is diencephalon made of

A

contain thalamus and hypothalamus

36
Q

what is the function of cerebellum

A

co ordination of muscle movemet and maintain equilibrium

37
Q

what does the frontal brain consist of

A

cerebral hemispheres
diencephalon

38
Q

what does the midbrain consist of

A

midbrain

39
Q

what does the hind consist of

A

pons
medulla oblingata
cerebellum

40
Q

what are the types of ventricles

A

lateral vetricles
3rd ventricle
4th ventricle

41
Q

where are lateral ventrcles

A

cerebral hemispheres

42
Q

where is 3rd venricle

A

diencephalon

43
Q

where is 4th vetricle

A

hind brain

44
Q

does the midbrain contain ventricles

A

no

45
Q

what is the length of spinal cord

A

male 45 cm
female 42 cm

46
Q

where is the spinal cord

A

uppper 2/3 of the spinal canal

47
Q

where does the spinal cord begin

A

as a continuation of medulla oblongata

48
Q

where does the spinal cord end

A

in newborn aat the L3
in adult at lower border of L1

49
Q

how many segments of spinal cord are there

A

31

50
Q

distribution of spinal nerves

A

8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccegeal

51
Q

how does spinal nerves form

A

from two roots that unite together at intervertebral foramen

52
Q

what are the roots of spinal nerves

A

dorsal root - sensory root - afferent
ventral root - motor root - efferent

53
Q

what does the ventral root contain and where are they going

A

axon of anterior horn cells ; skeletal muscles
axon of lateral horn cells ; smooth muscles

54
Q

what does the dorsal root consist of

A

it has spinal gangion called dorsal root ganglion attached to it and the root is made of the process of the psedouipolar neurons found in dorsal root ganglion

55
Q

what is difference between roots and rami

A

roots carry only one type of nerve cells { dorsal carries posterior horn cell procces while vetral carries the axon of anterior horn cells }
but rami carry both types of neurons

56
Q

features of aterior ramus

A

-larger than posterior ramus
-runs anteriory
-it may join to form pleaxuses
-it connects to the sympathetic chain by grey or white rami

57
Q

features of posterior ramus

A

-smaller than anterior
-runs posteriory
-supply muscles and skin on the back
-doesn’t join to form pleaxuses
-doesn’t connect to the sympathetic chain

58
Q

where does the cranial nerves branch from and what are the exceptions

A

brainstem
except first { olfactory } and second { optic }

59
Q

what does the thoracolumbar outflow in symphathetic PNS come from

A

lateral horn cells in t1 till L2

60
Q

what does cranial outflow in parasympathetic PNS come from

A

through 3,7,9,10 cranial nerves

61
Q

where does sacral outflow in parasympathetic come from

A

S2 , S3 , S4 nerves

62
Q

what are preganglionic fibres in PANS

A

they arise from brainstem or spinal cord and relay in autonomic gaglia

63
Q

what are postganglionic fibres

A

they arise from autonomic ganglia to supply the organs

Anatomy (8 decks)

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