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Biology Class 10 ICSE > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

State three uses of nervous system

A
  1. Enables us to remember and think
  2. Informs us about our surroundings
  3. Regulates involuntary activities
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2
Q

What are the three main parts of neuron?

A
  1. Cell body (peri karyon or cyton)
  2. Dendrites
  3. Axon
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3
Q

State two characteristics of Cell body

A
  1. It has well-defined nucleus
  2. Lost centrosome
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4
Q

State two characteristics of Axon

A
  1. It has gaps throughout length called nodes of ranvier
  2. It is covered by insulating sheath called Myelin or medullary sheath. This sheath is covered by an even thinner sheath known as Neurolemma
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5
Q

Define Stimulus

A

A sudden change in external and internal environment that evokes a response in an organism.

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6
Q

Define receptors

A

These are parts of NS that gather environmental signals or perceive the stimuli and pass them to CNS for interpretation.

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7
Q

Define effectors

A

Muscles or glands which on receiving the impulse from the brain or spinal cord, contract or secrete substances

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8
Q

Conduction of nerve impulse is a wave of _____ followed by ______

A
  1. Depolarization
  2. Repolarization
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9
Q

Define synapse

A

It is the point of contact between the axon of a neuron and the dendrite of another neuron

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10
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A
  1. Sensory neurons - receptor to CNS
  2. Motor neuron - CNS to effector
  3. Association (connecting) neurons - interconnect Motor and sensory
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11
Q

Define nerves

A

Nerve is a bundle of nerve fibers (axons) of secrete neurons, enclosed in a tubular sheath

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12
Q

State the three kinds of nerves:

A
  1. Sensory nerves - optic nerve
  2. Motor nerve - nerve from brain to eye
  3. Mixed nerve - spinal nerve
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13
Q

Define ganglia

A

Ganglia are the aggregates of the futons or cell boxes of nerve cells from which the nerve fibers may arise or enter into.

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14
Q

What are the two major divisions of Nervous system?

A
  1. Central Nervous system - brain and spinal cord (contained within vertebral column)
  2. Peripheral nervous system - includes nerves that emerge from and enter into Brian and spinal cord.
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15
Q

Name the two subdivisions of PNS

A
  1. Somatic nervous system - conveys info to skeletal (voluntary) muscles
  2. Autonomic nervous system - involuntary actions (heart muscles, glands)
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16
Q

What is the brain protected by?

A

Brain box or cranium

17
Q

Name the meninges of the brain

A
  1. Outermost - Dura Mater
  2. Middle - Arachanoid
  3. Innermost- Pia Mater
18
Q

What is meningitis

A

Meningitis is the inflammation of the meninges

19
Q

State the function of cerebrospinal fluid

A

Protects the brain and spinal cord from mechanical shocks

20
Q

Name the 3 parts of the brain and state functions of each.

A
  1. Cerebrum : consciousness, voluntary actions
  2. Cerebellum : balance of body, coordination of muscular activity.
  3. Medulla oblongata : controls activities of internal organs , peristaltic movements, breathing, beating of heart
21
Q

What is outer (cortex) of Brian called

A

Gray matter

22
Q

What is inner layer of brain called?

A

White matter

23
Q

What connects the two cerebral hemispheres in the cerebrum?

A

Corpus Callosum (hard body)

24
Q

What are the fold and grooves in cerebrum called?

A
  1. Folds - gyri
  2. Grooves - sulci
25
Q

What cerebellum also called?

A

Little brain

26
Q

What are the three primary regions of brain?

A
  1. Forebrain - a) cerebrum
    b) diencephalon
  2. Midbrain
  3. Hindbrain - a) cerebellum
    b) pons
    c) medulla oblongata
27
Q

What layer lies inside and outside of the spinal cord? State two functions of spinal cord:

A
  1. Inside - gray matter
  2. Outside - white matter
    Two functions -
    a) reflexes below the neck
    b) conducts sensory and motor responses
28
Q

Name the two divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System

A
  1. Somatic
    A) cranial nerves - 12 pairs
    B) spinal nerves - 31 pairs
  2. Autonomic
    A) sympathetic
    B) parasympathetic
29
Q

Which hormone stimulates the SNS?

A

Adrenaline secreted by Adrenal Glands

30
Q

What is the function of sympathetic system and parasympathetic system?

A

Sympathetic - prepares body for violent action against abnormal conditions
Parasympathetic - concerned with re-establishing normal conditions after violent act is over

31
Q

Define Reflex Action

A

It is an automatic/quick/immediate involuntary action in the body brought about by a stimulus.

32
Q

What are the two types of reflexes and give two examples of each.

A
  1. Inborn or natural reflexes
    No prior experience is required
    E.g. blinking, coughing, salivation, peristalsis
  2. Conditioned or acquired reflexes
    Involuntary spontaneous automatic response brought about due to previously learned experience.
    E.g. salivation at seeing familiar food
33
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

A reflex arc is the shortest route that can be taken by an impulse from a receptor to an effector.

34
Q

State the reflex arc in humans:

A

Stimulate —> receptor —> sensory neuron —> brain or spinal cord —> motor neuron —> effector —> response

Biology Class 10 ICSE (14 decks)

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