Nervous system Flashcards
what is CNS and PNS segmented into
sensory (afferent) division and motor (efferent division)
what is sensory division split into
somatic sensory (pressure, touch, pain, hearing, vision)
visceral sensory (stretch, pain, temp etc)
what is efferent motor division split into
visceral motor- autonomic nervous system somatic motor (voluntary, to skeletal muscle- no ganglia)
what is autonomic division split into
Sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric
how many cervical nerves are in the dog
8 (one extra)
how many thoracic nerves
13
how many lumbar nerves
7
how many sacral and caudal nerves
3
1 or more caudal nerves
what does the dorsal ramus give nerves to
expaxial muscles- epimere
what does ventral ramus give nerves to
hypaxial muscles, limbs and bodywall (hypomere)
what nerves does dorsal horn give off
dorsal sensory root (into dorsal root ganglion) (can travel in either ramus
what does ventral horn give off
ventral motor root
can travel in either ramus
C1 nerve
motor only
brachial plexus ganglia and nerves
C6-T2
girdle (dorsal): cleidobrachialis, suprascapular, subscapular
cranial (ventral): cranial, musculocutaneous
lateral (dorsal): radial, thoracodorsal, axillary
caudal (ventral): median, ulnar, caudal pec
Lumbosacral plexus
L4-S2 sciatic nerve into fibular and tibial obturator (downer cow syndrome) femoral L4-L6 (pudendal) (L3-L4 genitofemoral)
dermatome stripes
innervation of skin- dermatomes overlap
damage to radial nerve
ie when struck by car, humeral fracture, prolonged recumbancy in horses (brachial plexus avulsion)
cant extend carpus so cant stand (if below triceps, can stand)
sweeney
damage to horse suprascapular nerve
hit gate post or wear ill fitting draught collar- atrophy of supra and infraspinatus
cervical nerves
c1-5: segmental skin and spinal muscles
some innervate cr. muscles of truncobrachial junction
c2: sensory to skin of cd. head and ear
c5,6,7 form phrenic nerve
interappendicular spine
T3-L3
T3-T12- spinal segments and intercostal spaces
T13-L3- sensory innervation to flank (prevertebral analgesia)
sympathetic outflow
T1-L4
ganglions distal to organ of effect
parasymathetic outflow
cranio sacral from cranial nerves and spinal segments S1-3
neurons- cell bodies
1st order neuron (preganglionic) in CNS
2nd order neueron (postganglionic) is peripheral (neural crest)
sympathetic: ganglions- distal to target organ
parasymp: individua- close to target organ
dysautonomia
neuropathy of ANS neurones
fatigue, depression, hypo/hyper tension exercsie intolerance, digestive problems (ileus)
grass sickness (equine)
bacterial?
2-7 y/o
deperession, constipation, no pupile reflex
can be acute, subacute or chronic
key gaskall syndrome (feline)
autonomic ganglion degeneration
regurgitation, depression, crusty nose, reduced tear secretion
Horner’s syndrome
damage to symp supply, normally unilateral
head injuries
roaring
left laryngeal hemiplegia (half larynx paralysed)
reduces outflow during exercise
What does radial nerve innervates
Extensors of forelimb
Median nerve innervates
Radial flexor, pronator, ddf, sdf
Ulnar nerve innervates
Ulnar flexor muscles
Ddf
Sdf
Interosseus
obturator nerve innervates
gracilis, adductor, pectineus, ext obturator
femoral nerve innervates
hip flexors, stifle extensors
turns into saphenous nerve on medial aspect
sciatic nerve innervates
cr. and cd. gluteals, tibial and fibular nerves
fibular on caudal aspect
on lateral side
