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Anatomy > Gut > Flashcards

Gut Flashcards

1
Q

Where does mid gut develop from

A

Yolk sac

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2
Q

Where does hindgut develop from

A

Allantois

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3
Q

What structures form placenta in mammals

A

Chorion, allantois

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4
Q

How many fetal membranes are there in reptiles, birds and mammals

A

4

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5
Q

What is parietal peritoneum derived from

A

Somatic lateral plate mesoderm

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6
Q

Gut muscle and visceral peritoneum origin

A

Splanchnic lat plate mesoderm

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7
Q

What nerve supplies greater curvature

A

Dorsal vagus

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8
Q

What nerve supplies the lesser curvature

A

Ventral vagus

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9
Q

Sympathetic supply to gut

A

Greater splanchnic T12, T13, L1, L2
Lesser splanchnic and lumbar splanchnic (L4-L6)
To coeliac and cr and cd mesenteric ganglion

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10
Q

Parasympathetic supply to gut

A

Dorsal and ventral vagus to stomach, and dorsal coeliac and cr. mesenteric ganglion. Pelvic plexus- hypogastric to hindgut and cd. Mesenteric ganglion

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11
Q

Diaphragmatic hernias

A

Pleuroperitoneal hernia

Peritoneo- pericardial hernia

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12
Q

Oesophagus structure

A

Mostly loose adventitial connective tissue coat
2/3 striated, caudal 1/3 smooth
In cattle and dogs- all striated
Inner circular and outer longitudinal near stomach
Submucosa with Muscularis mucosae
Stratified squamous mucosa

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13
Q

How is oesophagus attached to larynx

A

Crico- oesophageal tendon

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14
Q

Regurgitation

A

Passive expelling of food from oesophagus , delayed ejection of undigested food

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15
Q

Vomiting

A

Active emptying of gastric contents

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16
Q

Mega oesophagus

A

Congenital or acquired swollen oesophagus, eg myasthenia gravis

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17
Q

Visceral surface

A

Towards other organs

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18
Q

Parietal surface

A

Away from organs (towards diaphragm/ lung)

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19
Q

Stomach muscle layers

A 
Outer longitudinal
Middle circular (most complete, only layer along lesser curvature)
Inner oblique (fans out of cardia, doesn’t cover lsr curvature and pylorus)
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20
Q

Cardiac glands

A

Mucus

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21
Q

Proper gastric glands

A

Pepsin, HCl, mucus

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22
Q

Pyloric glands

A

Mucus

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23
Q

Gastric pit cells and location

A

Neck: foveolar cells (mucus)
Intermediate: parietal/ oxyntic cells (HCl)
Deep: chief cells (pepsinogen)

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24
Q

Dog liver impressions

A

Stomach, duodenum, r kidney

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25
Q

Pig liver impressions

A

Stomach, duodenum

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26
Q

Ox impressions on liver

A

Omasum, reticulum, r kidney

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27
Q

Horse liver impressions

A

Stomach, r kidney, caecum apex, diaphragmatic flexure, RDC

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28
Q

Regions of ascending colon in ruminants

A

Anna proximolar
Anna spiralis
Anna distalis

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29
Q

Junction between rabbit caecum and ascending colon

A

Sacculus rotundus going into ampulla

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30
Q

Why do cattle eructate

A

Produce up to 50l of CH4 per hour- must be eructated

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31
Q

Conditions of rumen

A

pH 5.5-7
Temp: 37
Osmolality: 300mOsm/kg
Anaerobic

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32
Q

Simple products of fermentation

A

Acetate, propionate, butyrate, lactate, methane

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33
Q

Buffers in saliva

A

HCO3 -, HPO4 2-
pH 8.2
Also has mucin to prevent frothy bloat

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34
Q

Main salivary supply

A

Parotid (50%)

Submandibular, sublinguinal

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35
Q

What stimulates salivary flow

A

Roughage over concentrates

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36
Q

Control of flow of saliva

A

Continuous in ruminants
ANS- Ach
Protein from symp ANS (NA and beta adrenoreceptors)
Blood flow by parasympathetic and inhibited by sympathetic (NA alpha adrenoreceptors)

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37
Q

Parotid and ventral buccaneers saliva

A

salts, buffers and water
Serous and continuous
Dense cytoplasm

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38
Q

Submandibular saliva

A

Protein (mucins)
Foamy appearance
Mixed, discontinuous

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39
Q

Chemoreceptors in mouth innervation

A

Low pH, via glossopharyngeal and vagus

40
Q

Main three VFAs produced

A

70 % Acetate, 20% proprionate, 10% butyrate

41
Q

Nitrogen metabolism in ruminants

A

Main protein source is microbial protein
Microbes use NPN (non protein nitrogen- if urea, nitrate)- converted to NH3
Urea enters via saliva or ruminal epithelium
Excess ammonia absorbed by host, detoxified, converted to urea (N cycling)

42
Q

Vitamins needed in ruminant diet

A

A,D,E (can make B and K)

43
Q

Loss of vitamin A in food

A

Lost from herbiage by oxidation

44
Q

Vitamin E loss

A

Low after hay making

45
Q

Inhibition of vitamin k

A

Dicoumarol in mouldy sweet clover

46
Q

B vitamin deficiency symptoms

A

Thiaminese in bracken and fish livers

47
Q

Fog fever

A

Acute bovine pulmonary oedema and interstitial emphysema - lush forage rich in tryptophan leading to lung damage

48
Q

Functions of compound stomach

A

Reticulorumen: digests cellulose, carbs, absorbs VFAs and water, synthesise nutrients, ie b vitamins, microbial protein
Omasum: further absorption of water and VFAs
Abomasum: sim to simple stomachs

49
Q

Factors increasing reticulorumen contractions

A

Tactile stimulation of cr-do RR, oesophagus
Reticulum, RR fold distension
Abomasal acidification
All via vagus sensory

50
Q

Decreasing RR contractions

A

Abomasal/ ruminal distension
Pyloric manipulation
All via splanchnic sensory innervation

51
Q

Advantages of hindgut fermentation

A

Avoid losses associated with foregut fermentation before conventional digestion
Rapid transit time for food

52
Q

Foregut advantages

A

Availability of microbial proteins
More complete digestion of fibre
Can live off poorer diet

53
Q

Where do gastric ulcer lesions occur

A

Squamous mucosa next to Margo plicatus

54
Q

Slow wave propogation

A

Initiated orally, propagate aborally

55
Q

Spiking potentials

A

Addditional excitatory input from enteric/ autonomous nervous system allowing threshold potentials to be reached. Usually superimposed on slow waves at peak of slow wave

56
Q

MMC phases (horses)

A

Migrating Myoelectric complex
Phase 1: no spike potentials/ contractions
Phase 2: intermittent spike potentials
Phase 3: regular spiking activity
Phase 4: rapidly diminishing contractile activity

57
Q

Pacemaker area in horse

A

Pelvic flexure (Also site of compaction)

58
Q

Ileus

A

Impairment of transit of gastrointestinal contents

One of most commonly encountered complications of equine GI surgery

59
Q

Laminitis cause (large intestine)

A

Carb overload- gut microflaura overloaded and produce toxins.

60
Q

Large intestine and caecum function horses

A

LI has no mucosal enzymes or AT mechanisms- digestion of residual carbs relies on microbial fermentation and absorption of products of this
Many VFAs made in caecum and LI, most absorbed and converted to glucose or fat

61
Q

Why might ponies get transient circulatory hypovolemia

A

Eating large concentrate meals infrequently- increased secretion of GI fluids

62
Q

Large intestinal disorder symptoms

A

Diarrhoea, no weight loss

63
Q

Small intestine malabsorption symptoms

A

Weight loss w no diarrhoea

64
Q

Why should exercise be delayed after a large meal in horses?

A
  1. Large amount of material in stomach, SI makes breathing during exercise harder
  2. Diversion of blood to splanchnic circulation= less muscle blood flow
  3. Relative dehydration due to feeding induced hypovolaemia
  4. Reduced post feeding blood glucose due to insulin secretion
65
Q

Describe route through caecum and large intestine in rabbits

A

Ingests enters from SI into ampulla caecalus coli (partitions food)
Short digestible fibres pass into caduceus centrally and exit caecum peripherally after digestion.
Long indigestible fibres enter ascending colon (some reflux occurs)
Fundus coli forms 2 faecal types
In distal trans and descending colon, further ion water and VFA absorption occurs.

66
Q

Biliverdin route

A

Haem (red) - biliverdin (green) - bilirubin (red) - in bile - urobiligen (yellow- urine) - stercobilin (brown-faeces)

67
Q

How much water do rabbits need a day

A

50-100ml (carnivores need 40-60 ml)

68
Q

Why can’t rabbits vomit

A

Muscular cardia (stomach should never be empty- should have dilated full fundus)

69
Q

Caecotrophs structure

A

Has mucous capsule with microbes, lysozymes, pH buffers, bacteriophages- protest from stomach acid
Stimulated by cortisol, inhibited by adrenaline

70
Q

Fusus coli structure function

A

Part of desc colon, muscular, vascular, densely innervates, goblet cells, longitudinal fields

71
Q

Which side is caecum on pig

A

Left

72
Q

Pig ascending colon

A

Large conical helix, 3.5 turns to reach cone apex

ACW, then goes back CW

73
Q

Taenia

A

Bands of longitudinal muscle, forming hausta sacculations to delay passage of food
Present in pig caecum, rabbits and horses

74
Q

Shape of ascending colon in rabbits

A

W shaped

75
Q

Which six viscera contact abdominal wall in normal ruminants

A

Liver, dorsal ruminal sac, spleen, reticulum, descending duodenum, abomasum

76
Q

Reticular cells differences

A

Ox: quadrilateral

Sheep= hexagonal

77
Q

How do ruminal papillae differ throughout rumen and what epithelium covers them

A

Sacs: rounded
Reticulum-omasum junction: filiform
Pillars: flat scales
Stratified squamous

78
Q

Why avoid terms foregut and hindgut fermenters?

A

Not actually hindgut fermenters- are mid gut (caecum and colon)
In foregut fermenters some fermentation in hindgut too

79
Q

Omasal contents consistency

A

Drier- involved in water absorption

80
Q

Which curvature of the omasum is the sulcus near

A

Lesser

81
Q

What is wrong with term poly gastric

A

1 stomach with 4 parts

82
Q

What constitutes forestomach/ proventriculus

A

Reticulum, rumen, omasum

83
Q

How many taenia are on each segment of horse gut

A

Caecum= 4, RVC= 4, LVC= 4, LDC= 1, RDC= 3, TC= 2, DC= 2

84
Q

Where do bot fly eggs hatch and develop

A

Cr mesenteric artery

85
Q

Where relative to aorta do cd vena cava and cysterna Chyli lie

A

VC: to left, CC: between aorta and lumbar vertebrae

86
Q

Four main arteries to flank

A

Phrenicoabdominal
Cd epigastric
Cr epigastric
Deep circumflex epigastric

87
Q

Which kidney is normally caudal

A

Left

88
Q

Ureter route in males

A

Pass through mesorchum and testicular artery

89
Q

Female ureter route

A

Through broad ligament and into bladder

90
Q

Coccygeus origin insertion and action

A

Part of pelvic diaphragm used for defecation, urination, parturition
O. Sciatic spine
I. Transverse process Cd2-4

91
Q

Levator ani origin insertion and function

A

Part of pelvic diaphragm
O. Internal aspect of symphysis and ilium shaft
I. Blends with ext anal sphincter before inserting on cd7 haemal arch

92
Q

Anal gland vs anal sac

A

Anal glands line deep part of sacs

93
Q

Which mesoderm forms parietal peritoneum

A

Somatic lateral plate mesoderm

94
Q

Splanchnic lateral plate mesoderm develops into

A

Gut muscle and visceral peritoneum

95
Q

Which animal has an extra 360 degrees rotation around the dorsal root?

A

Pig- therefore caecum on left

Anatomy (5 decks)

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