A

Question 1

Physis

Answer 1

Growth plate

Question 2

Bone with spicules ‘trabeculae’

Answer 2

Trabecular/ cancellous/ spongy

Question 3

Cartilage

Answer 3

Mucopolysaccharide gel

Type 2 collagen fibres

Question 4

Connective tissue around cartilage

Answer 4

Periochondrium

Question 5

Articular cartilage

Answer 5

Complex- partly fibrous, partly hyaline- joints

Question 6

Matrix of bone

Answer 6

Osteoid

Question 7

Composition of bone

Answer 7

Type 1 collagen,

Hydroxyapatite w adsorbed calcium carbonate

Question 8

Endochondral formation

Answer 8

Forms long bones

Question 9

Membrane bone formation

Answer 9

Forms skull/ flat bones- between two layers of cartilage

Question 10

Bird bones

Answer 10

Pneumatised- contain triangular spicules

Question 11

Bone lining

Answer 11

Periosteum

Question 12

Osteon

Answer 12

Functional unit of bone, concentric rings of matrix, interspersed with lacunae

Question 13

Osteoarthritis

Answer 13

Degenerative joint disease- due to instability, trauma, disease, incurable but manageable

Question 14

Osteochondrosis (OCD)

Answer 14

Fast growing dogs, horses

Disordered ossification of endplate, articular cartilage thickens and detaches- can fall off

Question 15

Synastosis

Answer 15

Bone- mature skull and pelvis -

Question 16

Synarthroses

Answer 16

Immobile joints

Question 17

Synchondrosis

Answer 17

Cartilage- growth plates

Question 18

Symphysis

Answer 18

Fibrocartilage

Question 19

Syndesmosis

Answer 19

Fibrous- distal tibio-fibular

Question 20

Gomphosis

Answer 20

Fibrous- tooth socket

Question 21

Diarthrosis (synovial joints)

Answer 21

Mobile joints with fluid and cartilage

Question 22

Synovial membrane cells

Answer 22

Synoviocytes type a (phagocytic)

B (secretory)

Question 23

GAGs

Answer 23

Glycosaminoglycans
Negative charge
Attracts water
Contains hyaluronate polysaccharide mask

Question 24

Why should enoflaxin not be used in young animals

Answer 24

Antibiotic- causes abnormal development of articular cartilage

Question 25

Labrum

Answer 25

Fibrocartilaginous ext to joint surface

Question 26

Fat pads

Answer 26

Lie between synovial membrane and capsule

Question 27

Bursae

Answer 27

Small synovial spaces between bones and tendons, occasional muscles and skin

Question 28

Funicular tendon

Answer 28

Cords

Question 29

Aponeurotic tendon

Answer 29

Sheets

Question 30

Palmar digital neurectomy

Answer 30

Diagnose navicular disease with local analgesia, then cut neurones to prevent pain

Question 31

Lacertus fibrosis

Answer 31

Forelimb stay apparatus

Internal tendon through biceps and ECR- scapula to cannon- carpus locked preventing shoulder and elbow fleion

Question 32

Carpal check ligament

Answer 32

Prevents PiPj and DiPj overextension

Question 33

Peroneus tertius

Answer 33

SDF contains fibrous band from femur to tuber calcis- hock extended when stifle locks

Question 34

Perinyctium

Answer 34

Hoof slipper- protects uterus and fetal membrane

Seperates along pre formed fracture line after birth

Question 35

Subcutis

Answer 35

Hypodermis (esp in hoof)

Question 36

How many patella’s in horses and oxen

Answer 36

Three

Question 37

Nuchal ligament

Answer 37

Holds neck up-extension of supraspinous ligament- bridges C1 to T1

Question 38

What is the ‘yes’ hinge

Answer 38

C1 to skull

Also rotation

Question 39

‘No’ pivot

Answer 39

C1-c2

Question 40

Diaphragmatic vertebra

Answer 40

T10

Question 41

Anticlinal vertebrae

Answer 41

T11

Question 42

Which two vertebra have no disc between them

Answer 42

C1 and C2

Question 43

What joint do vertebral articular facets form

Answer 43

Synovial

Question 44

Tunica flavia well developed in what species

Answer 44

Horse- supports weight (yellow elastic tissue)

Question 45

Heave line

Answer 45

Chronic respiratory distress- hypertrophy of EAO- step like appearance

Question 46

Which abdominal muscles are deep to RA cranially, and caudally?

Answer 46

Cranially: IAO, TA
Caudal: all three are superficial

Question 47

Boundaries of para lumbar fossa

Answer 47

Last rib
Tuber coxae
Transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae

Question 48

Which nerves blocked in paravertebral anaesthesia

Answer 48

T13-L3

Question 49

Structures through femoral canal

Answer 49

Psoas major, fem artery and vein

Question 50

Innervation to adipocytes

Answer 50

Sympathetic

Question 51

Eumelanin

Answer 51

Black/ brown

Question 52

Phaemelanin

Answer 52

Red/ yellow

Question 53

Hair growth cycle

Answer 53

Anagen- catagen- telogen

Question 54

Rete arteriosus

Answer 54

Net of artery anastomoses

Question 55

Rete merable

Answer 55

Parallel branching from blood vessels reuniting in a single vessel-eg in brain, kidney

Question 56

Wringing action of heart?

Answer 56

Wringing twist in apex due to circumference fibres

Question 57

Which species has contractile aorta

Answer 57

Rabbits

Question 58

What are the ridges of muscle inthe heart auricle

Answer 58

Pectinate muscles- reduce friction

Question 59

What are the ridges of muscle in the ventricle

Answer 59

Trabeculae carnaeae

Question 60

How many lymph sacs develop? How many regress?

Answer 60

6, all regress but cisterna chyli

Question 61

Outer layer of spleen

Answer 61

Capsule and muscular trabeculae- changes size x5

Question 62

Red pulp

Answer 62

Complex reticuloendothelial mesh and blood filled sinusoids
Many monocytes
Break down RBCs
Stores RBCs- 30% in resting horse
Makes RBCs in foetus (not post natal)

Question 63

White pulp

Answer 63

Lymphoid B cell nodules or cylinders, surrounded by T cells

Question 64

Thymus

Answer 64

Primary lymphoid organ (like bone marrow)
Where lymphocytes for and mature- educates T cells
Lobulated
In medulla, exposed to Hassalls corpuscles

Question 65

Which side of lymphatics drained separately

Answer 65

Right head, neck and forelimb