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Year 12 Human Biology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The CNS

A

Central Nervous system

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2
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral nervous systems

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3
Q

Number of convultions in brain

A

Increases surface area, increasing number of neurons in cortex. Reduce traveling time of electrig signal

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4
Q

Brain lobes

A

Frontal Lobes, Parietal lobe, Motor strip, sensory stri, occipital lobes, temporal lobes, cerebellum

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5
Q

Frontal lobe function

A

Personality

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6
Q

Parietal

A

Sensces

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7
Q

Occipital lobes

A

Visions and eyes

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8
Q

Temporal lobes

A

Sound and language

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9
Q

Brain Hemisphers

A

Left (controls rhs), Right (controls lhs)

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10
Q

Left hemisphere

A

Analytical thought, logic, language, science and math

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11
Q

Right Hemisphere

A

Holistic thought, intuition, creativity, art and music

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12
Q

Grey matter (nervous tissue)

A

Unmyelinated. 40% of brain. Processes infomation. Fully developed early 20’s

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13
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated - insulated resulting in faster impulses (Jumps). 60% of brain. Allows communicaiton to grey areas. Develops throught 20’s, peak middle age

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14
Q

Layers of Cerebrum

A
  1. Lobes named according to the cranial bones that cover them.
  2. Cerebral cortex (2-4mm outer grey layer)
  3. White matter inside.
  4. Basal Ganglia
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15
Q

Tracts

A

Myelinated white fibers. inside CNS, tracts, outside nerves

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16
Q

White matter of cerebrum

A

Passing through, inbetween and around subortical masses of grey matter of cerebrum are tracts of white fibres

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17
Q

Types of tracts

A
  1. Connect cortex areas within same hemisphers
  2. Connect left and right hemisphers.
  3. Connect cortext to other part of brain or spinal cord
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18
Q

Cerebral cortex functions

A

Thinking, memory, intelligence, responsibility, perception of sences, muscle contraction

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19
Q

Fucntional areas of cerebral cortext

A
  1. Sensory tract- interpret sensory impulses from receptors.
  2. Motor tract - Control’s coluntary musclular movements
  3. Association areas - Concerned with intellectual and emotional processes
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20
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Wide band of nerve fibres lies underneath cerebrum along longitudinal fissure. Connect left and right hemispheres

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21
Q

Cerebellum

A

Exercises control over posure and balance. Co-Ordination of voluntary muscle movement. Recieves sensory info from sence receptors

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22
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Lies in middle of the brain.

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23
Q

Hypothalamus regulates

A

Autonomic nervous systems, body temp, food and water intake, pattern of waking and sleeping, eotional responces, secretion of hormones.

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24
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Continuation of spinal cord below base of brain. Contains cardiac, respiratory, vasomotor and expulsion centres

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25
Q

CNS protected by

A

Bones of cranum and vetebral canal. Meninges + cerebrospinal fluid

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26
Q

Meninges

A

Dura Mater - Outer layer lining skull. Arachnoid mater - contains blood vessels. fille dwith CSF.
Pia Mater - Covers brain

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27
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Protection: adds as shock absorber. Buoyancy, transport and nutrition

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28
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Cylindrical tube from foramen magnum to L2. Aprox 44cm long. Same protection as brain except not attached to bone, attached to fat.

29
Q

Spinal cord details

A

Grey and white matter reversed. White surounds Grey Butterfly central region. Central canal contains cerebral spinal fluid

30
Q

Neurons

A

Basic structural unit of the nervous system - specialised.

31
Q

Is there different typeos of neurons?

A

Three types of neurons, and can classify neurons either by function or structure

32
Q

Functional neurons

A

Afferent (sensory)
Efferent (motor)
Interneuron (Connector)

33
Q

Structural neurons

A

Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar

34
Q

Functional types of neurons

A

Afferent + Efferent are in the PNS. Connector neurons are in the CNS

35
Q

Multipiolar

A

One axon w/ multiple dendrites. In brain/spinal cord. Most common seen diagram

36
Q

Bipolar

A

One axon, one dendrite. In ear, eye and nose. Takes impulses from receptor cells to other neurons

37
Q

Unipolar

A

Have one extension(axon). Cell body is on side of axon. Carry messages to spinal cord

38
Q

Nerve impulses

A

Can only travel in one direction along neuron. Nerve impulses travel from dendrites to cell body then along axon.

39
Q

Synapse

A

Junction between two adjacent neurons. Impulses must cross the synapse

40
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Where axon meets skeletal muscle

41
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Afferent sensory neurons carry messages towards central nervous systems from receptors.
Efferent motor neurons carry meessages away from the central nervous system

42
Q

Reflexes

A

Rapid automatic responce to a stimulus.

43
Q

All reflexes…

A

Require a stimulus
are involuntary
are rapid
are stereotyped (occur in the same way each time)

44
Q

Spinal reflexes

A

Carried out by the spinal cord, with no brain involvement required.

45
Q

Reflex arch

A

The path taken by a nerve impulse during a reflex action

46
Q

Reflex arch consists of

A 
A receptor (neuron or specialised receptor at the end of a neuron)
A sensory neuron
Atleast one synapse
a motor neuron
A effector (muscles or glands)
47
Q

Protective reflexes

A

Are present form birth. Some complex motor patterns are learned and are called aquired reflexes.

48
Q

Protective reflex examples

A

Muscle adjustment while bike riding, jamming on brakes, catching a ball.

49
Q

Acquired reflexes

A

Learend through repetition.

50
Q

Receptors

A

Can detet changes in the bodies internal or external environment. Simple nerve endings or sence organs.

51
Q

Type of receptors

A

Thermoreceptors, Osmoreceptors, chemoreceptors, touch receptors, pain receptors

52
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Heat and cold

53
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

Sensitive to osmotic pressure - concentration of substances in blood.

54
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Stimulated by chemicals

55
Q

Touch receptors

A

Sensitive to very light touches - surface of skin

56
Q

Pain receptors

A

Stimulated by damage to tissues. - mainly in skin.

57
Q

Nerve impulse

A

Message carried along nerve fibre

58
Q

Nerve impulse parts

A

Polarisation, depolarisation, repolarisation, hyperpolerisation

59
Q

Polarisation

A

Neuron is at rest in conc of Na+ is 10 times higher than outside neuron. K+ is 30 times greater inside that outside. Membrane is permeable to K+ Inside -ve charge.

60
Q

Depolarisation

A

Sufficently strong stimulus applied to nerve fibe - membrane more permeable to Na+. Moves out and reverses charge. Has to be above 15mv

61
Q

Repolarisation

A

Repolarises by closing Na+ gates and using K+ pump to remove potassium from neuron.

62
Q

Hyperpolarisation

A

Directly after repolarisation - Na and K pumps activly Na out of fibre.

63
Q

Conduction

A

Unmyelinated fibre - action potential moves along length of fibre.

64
Q

Analogies

A

Line of dominoes - mexican wave.

65
Q

Difference between large + small stimuli

A

Large causes neurons to be depolarised more often

66
Q

Transmission across synapse.

A

Depolarisation of presynaptic knob causes influx of Ca+2 which release neutrotrasmitter. Diffuses across synapse + increase Na permeability

67
Q

Neurotrasnmitters

A

Acetylcholine, adrenaline, dopamine, histamine.

68
Q

Chemicals + Transmission

A

Caffine stimulate transmission. Anaesthetics depress transmission.

69
Q

Divisions in nervous system

A

Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system
- Afferent 9Somatic - visual) + Visceral (internal organs)

Year 12 Human Biology (7 decks)

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