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Year 12 Human Biology > Human Evolution > Flashcards

Human Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Hominid

A

Any member of the group consisting of all modern + extinct humans and great apes

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2
Q

Classify

A

Arrange a group of people in classes or categories according to shared qualities or characteristics

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3
Q

Taxonomy

A

A hierachiacl system for classifying and identifying organisms

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4
Q

Species

A

Only organisms in the same species can produce fertile offspring - presumes you are in the same genus

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5
Q

Hominid Evolutionary trends

A

Directional change in a character state, or set of character states resulting in a significant change through time

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6
Q

Evolutionary trends examples

A
  1. Relative size of cerebral cortex
  2. Mobility of the digits
  3. Prognathism + dentition
  4. Locomotion - Adaps to bipedalism + quadrupedalism
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7
Q

Relative size opf cerebral cortex

A

Cerebrum responsible for complex functions - vison, memory, reasoning + malipulative ability. Larger the cortex more accurate visual + tactile perception

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8
Q

Number of cerebral convolutions increased

A

Permits greater surface area of cortex - effects on development.

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9
Q

Relative size of cerebral cortex

A

Average increase in cerebrum in particular the cerebral cortex - frontal lobe

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10
Q

Mobility of digits

A

Primates are pentadactyl (5 digits per limb). Hihg mobile due to arboreal - living in ttrees.

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11
Q

Evolutionary trends - digits

A

Increasing ability to mnove digits independantly of one another - most evolved = thumb - independent and opposable.

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12
Q

Power Grip

A

Is carrying or grasping task where fingers flex towards palm - most forceful grip

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13
Q

Precision Grip

A

Object pinched between thumb and fingers - fine motor skills

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14
Q

HUman Lacking opposable big toe

A

Dont live in trees, no need to grip branches - uses to balance

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15
Q

Prognathism

A

Projecting lower jar or chin. Human jaw is smaller than apes - better centre of gravity

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16
Q

Dentition

A

Dental arch - Humans are parabolic + teeth are similar in height. Apes have parllel sides + large canine teeth.

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17
Q

Dentition trend

A

Towards smaller more uniform teeth and more rounded parabolic shape

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18
Q

Locomotion

A

Adaptations and bipedalism and Quadrupedalism

19
Q

Upright stance

A

Walk upright with a standing gait - humans require modified muscle/skeletal structure

20
Q

Postural adaptations

A

Position of foramen magnum, curvature of spine, pelvis shape, carrying angle of femur, knee structure, foot structure

21
Q

Position of Foramen Magnum

A

Large hole in base of skull - humans centred, apes further back.

22
Q

Central foramen magnum benifits (humans only)

A

Enables skull to balance ontop of verebral column - require less neck muscles

Human jaw is smaller - allows kull to balance, aproix same weight on either side

23
Q

Curvature of spine

A

Non humans have a single curved (c shape) spine - body tilts forward. Centre of grav. chest level. HUmans have S shaped spine - centre of grav. runs straiught through head and spine

24
Q

Pelvis shape

A

Human = Shorter and broader. Allows for larger buttock muscles to attach. Allows fumar to attach further appart Apes = long and narrow.

25
Q

Carrying Angle

A

Hip joint directly under body. Allows weight to be transfered to legs. Converge towards knees (not direcly verticle). Allows weight distribution to remain close to body when walking

26
Q

Knee structue

A

Weight of body transmitted to outside of femur to knee.

27
Q

Foot structure

A

No opposable toe. Longitudinal arch and Transverse Arch

28
Q

Muscle tone

A

Continuois and passive contraction of muscles

29
Q

3 species of Australopithecines

A

Afarensis, Africanus, Paranthropus Robustus

30
Q

Australopithecus Afarensis

A

4-3 million years ago. 1-1.2 metres tall, 25-30 kg. LUCY. SMall brain, nomadic, herbivores, no tools

31
Q

Australopithecus Africanus

A

3-2.5 million years ago, 1.3m, slightly larger brain, no tools, nomadic, diet similar to chimps

32
Q

Paranthropus Robustus

A

2-1.5 million years ago, sagital crest to anchor muscles, alrger brain, 1.5m tall, pebble tools, nomadic shelters, herbibores.

33
Q

Homo Habilis

A

2.5-1.5 million years ago. 650-750 cc. Travels for food, Teepee shelters. Boine marrow, small animals, fruits. First to make tools. Not specific

34
Q

Homo Erectus - Upright man

A

1.5-250000 years ago. 850-1200cc, sometimes used caves as shelters. Required a lot of energy - meat and protien. Acheulean tools. Earliest evidence of campfire

35
Q

Acheulian tools

A

Tear shaped tools - hand axes. More sophisticated than oldowan tools

36
Q

Campfire Uses

A

Keep away predators, give warmth + light, extend daylight activities, cooking, hunting animals

37
Q

Homeo Neanderthalensis

A

200,000-35,000 years ago. Brain capacity: 1500cc. Shelter - used caves or constructed out of wood, tusks and skins. Food - plant food decreases, meat increases. Sophisticated stone tools. First to show variety. First humans to wear clothes

38
Q

Homeo Sapiens - Wise man

A

300,000 to present. Brain capacity - 1300cc. Lived in shelters, produced own food. variety of animal + plant food. Made smaller, more complex tools. Fish hooks, bows and arrows. Bone and Ivory and antler tools

39
Q

Paleolithic tools

A

Aurignacian, solutrean, magdaleanian.

40
Q

Aurignacian tools

A

43-26 thousand years. long thin flakes have been removed. antler and bone used occasionally

41
Q

Solutrean rools

A

22-19 thousand years, sophisticated retouch by pressure flaking on flint that has been heat treated to be more workable

42
Q

Magdalenian tools

A

18-12 thousand years ago. Bone and antler over stone. Using a burin (chisel). collection of needles, barbed spear points, spear throwers and range of tools.

43
Q

Tools trend

A

More evolved, more chips and smaller chips taken out.

44
Q

Other culture - Homeo sapiens

A

Exchanged resources over wide areas. Created music, art, personal adornment, ritual complex symbolic world.

Year 12 Human Biology (7 decks)

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