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SSMI 12 HBY > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

List the components of the central nervous system (CNS).

A

The spinal cord and the brain.

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2
Q

List the components of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

A

the 12 pairs of cranial nerves and the 31 pairs of spinal nerves

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3
Q

divisions of the PNS

A

the afferent and efferent division

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4
Q

What does the afferent division do?

A
  • it houses receptors which take info into the CNS.
  • somatic sensory neurons are in the skin and muscle
  • visceral snesory neurons are found in internal organs
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5
Q

What does the efferent/motor division do?

A
  • it carries info away from the CNS to effectors;
  • houses the somatic division and the autonomic division
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6
Q

What is the role of the efferent somatic division?

A

It is to carry impulses from the CNS to any voluntary skeletal muscle

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7
Q

What is the role of the efferent autonomic division?

A
  • to send impulses from the CNS to any involuntary muscles e.g. the stomach/heart
  • controls the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions
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8
Q
A

it is a highly specialised cell which transmits electrical messages across the body at high speeds

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9
Q

What is the function of a nerve cell?

A

it is a highly specialised cell which transmits electrical messages across the body at high speeds

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10
Q

What does the cell body do in a neuron?

A

it organises the cell, houses the nucleus, mitochondria and other organelles

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11
Q

What are dendrites?

A

fairly short extensions of the cytoplasm which carry nerve impulses into the cell body of another neuron

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12
Q

What is an axon?

A

a singular and long extension of the cell body in which the impulse travels along to reach the axon terminal

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13
Q

Schwann cells

A

cells that form the myelin sheath around the axon by wrapping and layering itself around, creating many layers of insulation.

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14
Q

Why is this insulation needed?

A

To ensure nerve impulses travel fast and don’t die out along the axon.

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15
Q

The myelin sheath

A

composed of a layer of Schwann cells and a neurilemma which acts to:

  • insulate the axon;
  • protect it from damage; and
  • speed up the movement of impulses along the axon.
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16
Q

What is an axon terminal?

A

the end terminals of an axon which create synaptic conjunctions with other dendrites.

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17
Q

What are nodes of Ranvier?

A

little breaks in the myeling sheath where nerve impulses jump from one to another to increase conduction rate.

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18
Q
A
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19
Q

The three types of neurons (function)

A
  • sensory neurons - afferent and carries impulses from sense organs to the CNS;
  • motor neurons - efferent and carries impulses from the CNS to muscles/glands; and
  • interneurons - association/connector/relay neurons which are located in the CNS and link sensory and motor neurons together.
20
Q

The three types of neurons (structure)

A
  • multipolar - motor neurons/interneurons;
  • bipolar - eye/ear sensory neurons and interneurons; and
  • unipolar - sensory neurons.
21
Q

what are thermoreceptors?

A
  • sensitve to changes in temperature.
  • peripheral/skin - detect changes in the skin’s temperature and report back to the brain and either hot or cold.
  • central - detect changes in the body’s core temperature.
22
Q

osmoreceptors

A
  • located in the hypothalamus.
  • detects changes in the osmotic pressure in the blood and bodily fluids.
23
Q

chemoreceptors

A
  • located in the mouth, nose, and carotid/aortic bodies.
  • detects unwanted chemicals in the body e.g. CO2/O2.
  • internal ones detect changes in the composition of bodily fluids.
24
Q

mechanoreceptors

A
  • touch receptors.
  • lighter movement detections are found in heavier concentrations on the surface of the skin.
  • ones found under the skin detect vibrations and forceful movement.
25
Q

nociceptors

A
  • pain receptors
  • stimulated by tissue damage.
  • concentrated in skin and mucous membranes, but not found in the brain.
  • very little adaption - pain will continue as long as the stimulant is present (keeps us aware).
26
Q

How is an electrical impulse created?

A

By rapid movements of sodium and potassium ions across a cell membrane, depolarising it and creating a short-lasting electrical charge.

27
Q

Define a nerve impulse

A

A combination of waves of action potential travelling along a nerve fibre.

28
Q

Describe the resting membrane of a nerve fibre.

A
  • positive charge on the outside due to a high Na+ concentration.
  • negative charge on the inside due to a high amount of K+ ions, but a larger amount of other negatively charged ions.
29
Q

Define potential difference

A

the difference in electrical charge between two points and the amount of energy their separation can release.

30
Q

Membrane potential.

A
  • The voltage across a cell’s membrane
  • resting = -70mV as fluid is more negatively charged inside the cell.
31
Q

leakage channels vs. voltage-gated channels

A
  • leakage - always open.
  • voltage-gated - require activation of action potential to open (usually by sodium pump).
32
Q

What is the sodium potassium pump?

A
  • three sodium (from intracellular fluid) and one ATP are used to push K+ into the membrane by fusing with a carrier protein (SPP).
  • since the channel is altered, two K+ ions can enter.
  • creates a net reduction of positive ions and is a process of active transport.
33
Q

Discuss depolarisation.

A
  • a sudden increase in membrane potential - occurs if 15mV is exceeded.
  • begins by sodium channels being opened on synpatic knobs.
  • Sa+ enter intracellular fluid, making inside more positive and outside more negative.
  • -55mV needs to be reached to open voltage-gated channels, subsequently allowing more and more sodium ions to flow in.
34
Q

ligand-gated channels vs. mechanical-gated channels

A
  • ligand-gated - open when a neurotransmitter latches onto the protein.
  • mechanical-gated - open due to physical stretching of the membrane.
35
Q

Describe the formation and composition of CSF

A
  • clear and watery substance
  • produced in ventricles and held in meninges and ventricles.
  • main function is to protect, support, nourish, and transport substances in the CNS.
  • delivers nutrients and removes wastes and toxins from CNS.
  • Contains: Glucose, urea, proteins, and salts.
  • Shock absorbing medium.
36
Q

What does the cerebrum do?

A

contains the 4(5) main sects of the brain with the three main functional areas - sensory, motor, and association.

  • Frontal Lobe: voluntary muscle control, judgement, emotions, memory.
  • Temporal lobe: olfactory and auditory areas, linking memories and senses together.
  • Occipital lobe: solely visual reception
  • Parietal lobe: temperature, touch, pain, taste, and movement.
  • Insula: autonomic NS control, senses, and emotions.
37
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A
  • Receives info from inner ear receptors to coordinate parasympathetic balance.
  • Receives info from skeletal muscles to coordinate muscular movement regarding the lengths of muscles.
38
Q

What are the roles of the hypothalamus?

A

Regulates:

  • autonomic NS (heart rate, blood pressure, digestive actions etc.);
  • body temperature;
  • food/water intake;
  • waking and sleeping cycles;
  • emotions; and
  • hormonal secretions.
39
Q

What does the medulla oblongata do?

A

automatically adjusts all body functions and houses three main centres:

  1. respiratory centres - control breathing actions and lung movement (depth and rate);
  2. cardiac centre - regulates rate and strength of heartbeat.
  3. vasomotor centre - controls diameter of blood vessels.
40
Q

Describe the three meninges to me.

A

The meninges are connective tissue membranes that serve to protect, nourish, and support the CNS.

  1. dura mater (outer layer) - tough and fibrous, main function is to support and protect.
  2. arachnoid mater (middle layer) - full of CSF to absorb shock from impact.
  3. pia mater (inner layer) - thin, yet heavily vascularised and carries food and o2 to cells.
41
Q

Label and discuss this diagram of the spinal cord.

What are its functions?

How is it structured to fufill this (kept in white matter)?

A

Functions: to communicate with the brain by sending electrical impulses and to act on reflexes.

Ascending tracts have sensory axons that travel upwards.

Descending tracts have motor axons that travel downwards.

42
Q

What does the corpus callosum do?

What does the pons do?

A

CC: a wide band of connective fibres that holds the two cerebral hemispheres together.

Pons: relays information from the medulla oblongata to higher centres i.e. the hypothalamus.

43
Q

What are totipotent cells?

A
  • they have an unlimited capacity to differentiate.
  • taken from a 1-5 day old embryo.
44
Q

What are pluripotent cells?

A
  • have the capacity to differentiate into a majority of somatic cells.
  • taken from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst at around 5-14 days old.
45
Q

What are multipotent cells?

A
  • have the capacity to differentiate into a limited number of somatic cells.
  • can be taken from the foetal tissue, umbilical cord, and most adult somatic cells.
46
Q

Describe Alzheimer’s disease

A
  • Causes: Atrophy of the brain, brain cells die in lobes, tau tangles and amyloid plaques tangle around neurons, myelin sheath breaks down, acetylcholine inhibited.
  • Symptoms: Dementia, lack of memory, coordination limited, independence stripped.
  • LTEs: Death, lack of social skills, reliance on others, smaller brain.
47
Q

Describe Parkinson’s disease

A
  • Causes: Neurons don’t produce enough dopamine, thus limiting the conduction of nerve impulses across a synapse.
  • Symptoms: Tremors, bradykinesia, rigidity, postural instability, speech changes, writing changes.
  • LTEs: Loss of executive functioning, thinking, memory, showing emotion, decision making and coordination.

SSMI 12 HBY (12 decks)

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