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FF1 Exam 2 > Nervous Syst + Action Potentials > Flashcards

Nervous Syst + Action Potentials Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 rostral regions of the CNS in development that enlarge?

A

Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon

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2
Q

How many ventricles does the central canal divide into ?

A

4

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3
Q

What parallels development of the CNS?

A

Evolution

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4
Q

What is the last evolutionary step of the CNS?

A

Diencephalon and Telencephalon

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5
Q

What’s the simplest structure of the CNS development?

A

Spinal cord

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6
Q

List the 4 main areas of the CNS

A

Cerebrum
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Spinal cord

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7
Q

List the 4 main areas of the CNS

A

Cerebrum, Brain stem, Cerebellum, Spinal cord

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8
Q

Which main area of the CNS has the highest brain function?

A

Cerebrum

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9
Q

Motor sensory functions are attribute to which part of the CNS

A

Cerebellum

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10
Q

The basic functions of life are carried out by which main area of the CNS?

A

Brain stem

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11
Q

What area of the CNS is the reflex site and carrier of information to the brain?

A

Spinal Cord

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12
Q

The craneal and spinal nerves are part of which Nervous system?

A

Peripheral NS

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13
Q

What is the function of the PNS?

A

The communication link: provides sensory input and motor output

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14
Q

What are the 2 parts the PNS divides into?

A

Somatic and Autonomic

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15
Q

Which PNS division is responsible for communicating with sensory organs and voluntary muscles with sensory and motor neurons?

A

Somatic division

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16
Q

The autonomic division of the PNS is made up of what 2 parts?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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17
Q

Which part of the Autonomic PNS is arousing (fight/flight)?

A

Sympathetic

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18
Q

The calming (rest/digest) part of the Autonomic PNS is called?

A

Parasympathetic

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19
Q

Define ganglion

A

Collection of neuronal cell bodies OUTSIDE cells

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20
Q

Give and describe and example of a simple neural circuit

A

The Knee Jerk test:
- Sensory turns on extensors
- Flexors are turned off - interneurons

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21
Q

Are interneurons usually inhibitory or excitatory?

A

Inhibitory

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22
Q

In a simple circuit reflex, what causes a change in feeling or affect ?

A

Afferent neurons

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23
Q

Which neuron has its axons towards the body (motor)

A

Efferent

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24
Q

What does “glia” mean ?

A

Glue; non-neuronal cells assoc with the NS

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25
Q

Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, astrocytes and microglia are what type of cell groups of the CNS?

A

Local Groups

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26
Q

Which two cells produce myelin sheaths, which speeds up the neuronal transmission?

A

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

27
Q

In which part of the NS are Oligodendrocytes found?

A

CNS

28
Q

Which myelin producing cell is only found in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

29
Q

Which local cell group of the NS intersects with blood vessels and synapses?

A

Astrocytes

30
Q

The primary source of CNS immune function and the keepers of brain surveillance for damage and infection are ?

A

Microglia

31
Q

The basic functional unit of the nervous system is called a ___________

A

Neuron

32
Q

What are the 3 main parts of a neuron?

A

Soma, Neurites and Axon hillock

33
Q

The neurites are an axon, dendrite and dendritic spines. Describe their function

A

Axon - output (pre-synaptic)
Dendrite - input (post-synaptic)
Dendritic spines - excitatory synapses

34
Q

Which part of the neuron conducts the impulse of an action potential?

A

Axon hillock

35
Q

The dendrites receive or give information?

A

Receive information from stimulus

36
Q

What part of the neuron decides if the stimulus will fire or not?

A

The soma or body

37
Q

Define neurotransmitter

A

Substance releases synaptically by a neuron to produce a response on another through a localized effect

38
Q

Action potentials were published by who and which year?

A

Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley in 1939

39
Q

List the 5 steps of an action potential

A
  1. A stimulus surpasses the threshold from the Resting Membrane Potential
  2. Depolarization occurs - cell becomes more positive
  3. Repolarization - cell becomes more negative
  4. Hyperpolarization - cell overpasses RMP
  5. Cell goes back to RMP
40
Q

In which step of the action potential does the cell go through a refractory period?

A

Hyperpolarization

41
Q

In an excitable cell membrane, what structural and functional things are present?

A

Proteins

42
Q

What is present in the excitable cell membrane that helps transport macromolecules?

A

Channels and transporter proteins

43
Q

What are the 3 rules of ion flow ?

A
  • From high to low concentrations
  • away from opposite charge
  • Membrane permeability alters movement
44
Q

How is a measurable voltage established in the cell membrane?

A

When charged ions separate

45
Q

What is the specific voltage where the cell is steady called?

A

Resting membrane potential

46
Q

In a neuron, which ion is found in greater quantity outside of the cell?

A

Sodium

47
Q

Potassium is found where in higher concentrations?

A

Inside the cell

48
Q

The equilibrium potential of potassium is (positive/negative)

A

Negative

49
Q

The equilibrium potential of potassium is (positive/negative)

A

Negative

50
Q

Which ion has a positive equilibrium potential?

A

Sodium

51
Q

What is Nernst equation used for?

A

To calculate equilibrium potential for an ion

52
Q

The resting membrane is impermeable to which ion?

A

Sodium

53
Q

What channels make up most of the resting membrane?

A

Potassium leak channels

54
Q

How many sodium’s are pumped outside the cell for every 2 potassium’s?

A

3 Na out for every 2 potassiums in

55
Q

Why is the resting membrane potential controlled in a neuron?

A

So the voltage changes can be detected within the neuron and an action potential can occur for a stimulus

56
Q

An ALL or NOTHING principle allows what to happen?

A

Once the membrane reaches a threshold, an action potential will proceed no matter what and Na channels will open

57
Q

In the regenerative cycle, what depolarizes the membrane and what flows in continuously?

A

A stimulus makes Na flow in, which depolarizes the cell continuosly

58
Q

What is it called when the cell can’t fire again?

A

Refractory period

59
Q

What causes the refractory period of a neuron?

A

Inactivates Na channels

60
Q

In voltage gated ion channels, which ion channel shows slow activation?

A

Potassium channels

61
Q

In which step of the action potential does the Na channel opens/activates?

A

In depolarization

62
Q

Which voltage-gated ion channel does NOT inactivate?

A

K+ channels

63
Q

During an action potential, what is characteristic of the Na channel activation ?

A

Rapid activation and depolarization

64
Q

What propagates the action potential bidirectionally?

A

A myelin sheath

FF1 Exam 2 (7 decks)

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