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FF1 Exam 2 > Histophysiology > Flashcards

Histophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Why can’t muscles regenerate?

A

They are post-mitotic cells

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2
Q

The active contraction of a muscle can be either:

A

Spontaneous or induced by a nerve impulse

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3
Q

Muscle types are divided into what:

A

Structure and Location

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4
Q

When muscles are classified by structure, what is the type of muscle that has nucleus in the center?

A

Smooth muscle

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5
Q

Where does striated muscle have its nuclei?

A

In the periphery

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of muscles that are classified by location?

A

Visceral, Vascular, and Skeletal

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7
Q

What is the main component of muscles

A

Fibers

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8
Q

What 2 parts make up the contractile skeleton of a muscle fiber?

A

Myofibrils and myofilaments

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9
Q

Myofilaments are made up of what two proteins?

A

Actin (thin) and Myosin (thick)

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10
Q

Are myofibrils acidophilic or basophilic?

A

Acidophilic

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11
Q

What are some characteristics of smooth muscle? (Shape, nucleus, contraction)

A
  • Spindle shaped
  • Nucleus in center
  • mechanical and gap Jxn
  • Contraction is prolonged w/ less energy req
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12
Q

What is the structural unit of striated muscle and what 3 parts make it up?

A

Sarcomere
A/I band and Z disk

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13
Q

In striated muscle, what specific structure stores Ca?

A

sER

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14
Q

What is the invagination of the sarcolemma in the sER called?

A

Transverse tubule

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15
Q

What is the first muscle to work in utero?

A

Cardiac muscle

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16
Q

What connects cardiac muscle to each other?

A

Intercalated disks (desmosomes and Nexus)

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17
Q

What are the two types of cardiac muscles?

A

Working and conducting

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18
Q

What fuses to form fibers in skeletal muscle during development?

A

Myoblasts

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19
Q

How does a skeletal muscle contract?

A

The myofibril contracts: myosin slides between actin filaments after Ca goes into the cytoplasm from the sER

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20
Q

What is the neurotransmitter that initiates the contraction of a skeletal muscle?

A

Acetylcholine

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21
Q

What process causes the influx of Ca into the cytoplasm?

A

Depolarization

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22
Q

What enzyme degrades a neurotransmitter to reestablish resting membrane potential in skeletal muscle?

A

Acetylcholinesterase

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23
Q

Where does stimulus transmission in skeletal muscle occur across?

A

The synaptic cleft

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24
Q

Smooth muscle has striations, true or false

A

False

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25
Q

Is skeletal muscle multinucleated?

A

Yes

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26
Q

What type of blood vessel connects Arteries and veins and exchanges nutrients?

A

Capillaries

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27
Q

Where do veins carry blood?

A

To the heart

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28
Q

List the 3 layers of blood vessels

A

T. Intima
T. Media
T. Adventitia

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29
Q

What structure of the T. Intima is only present in arteries?

A

Internal Elastic Lamina

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30
Q

What is the most prominent and thickest layer in arteries that is composed of smooth muscle and elastic CT ?

A

T. Media

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31
Q

In which layer of blood vessels are the vasa and Nervi vasorum located?

A

T. Adventitia

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32
Q

Dense irregular CT is usually found in which layer of blood vessels?

A

T. Adventitia

33
Q

What is the borderline between the T. Media and Adventitia called?

A

External Elastic Lamina

34
Q

What are the 3 classifications of arteries?

A

Elastic/Conducting
Muscular/Distributing
Arterioles

35
Q

Which type of artery has a close/open lumen, a prominent IEL, and a thick T. Media?

A

Muscular/Distributing

36
Q

Which artery is the largest with a prominent T. Media with elastic CT?

A

Elastic/Conducting = all directions/no stop

37
Q

What are 2 characteristics of arterioles?

A

Smallest type of artery and have 1-3 smooth muscle layers

38
Q

What regulates blood vessels?

A

Nervi vasorum (vascular nerves)

39
Q

What are 2 differences veins have compared to arteries?

A

Larger lumen and irregular/flattened shape

40
Q

What is the most prominent blood vessel layer in veins?

A

T. Adventitia

41
Q

What structure do veins have that arteries don’t that helps allow blood move to the heart to decrease effort?

A

Valves

42
Q

Which structure leads to capillary beds?

A

Arterioles

43
Q

Blood flow through capillary beds is controlled by what?

A

Pre-capillary sphincters

44
Q

Why can you live with only a percentage of your liver?

A

Because only 20-25% of capillary beds needs to work to exchange nutrients and gas

45
Q

Is total volume in capillary beds greater or lesser than blood volume in body?

A

Greater

46
Q

Capillaries are wide enough for how many RBCs to go through?

A

One

47
Q

The walls of capillaries only have what vessel layer?

A

T. Intima

48
Q

What are the 3 types of capillaries?

A

Continuos/Closed
Fenestrated
Sinusoidal

49
Q

Where are continuos/closed capillaries found?

A

Brain, skin, lungs, muscle

50
Q

What type of vesicles are in continuos capillaries that help bulk transfer? What direction do they transport?

A

Transcytotic and they are bidirectional

51
Q

Does a fenestrated capillary have a complete or incomplete basement membrane?

A

Complete

52
Q

How does bulk transfer occur in fenestrated capillaries?

A

Via fenestrae

53
Q

In the kidney and intestine, one would find what type of capillary?

A

Fenestrated

54
Q

Which capillary has an incomplete basement membrane and found in the liver and spleen?

A

Sinusoidal

55
Q

What is the function of the Lymphatic Vascular System?

A

Drain excess tissue fluid (lymph) and return it to the cardiovascular system

56
Q

What makes up the lymphatic vascular system?

A

Lymphatic Capillaries, Vessels, Collection Ducts

57
Q

Lymphatic capillaries of the intestine develop from what structure?

A

Lacteals

58
Q

Where are lymphatic capillaries not found?

A

Cartilage

59
Q

What structure does a lymphatic vessel have similar to venues, but with more numbers?

A

Valves

60
Q

Into what two parts does the peripheral nervous system divide into?

A

Afferent and Efferent

61
Q

The efferent division carries information away from the CNS, what two types of neurons are present?

A

Somatic and Autonomic

62
Q

Spinal nerves are separated into roots with axons, into which two parts?

A

Afferent = dorsal root
Efferent = ventral root

63
Q

The axons of spinal nerves are surrounded by what?

A

Myelin Sheaths produced by Schwann cells

64
Q

What is the outermost CT of peripheral nerves?

A

Epineurium

65
Q

Fascicles are surrounded by what layer?

A

Perineurium

66
Q

What are the non-insulated sites in the axon where 2 Schwann cells meet called ?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

67
Q

Do myelinated axons require more or less energy?

A

More

68
Q

Are sensory neurons myelinated or not?

A

Not myelinated

69
Q

What are the collection of sensory neuron cell bodies called?

A

Dorsal root ganglions

70
Q

What are the 5 types of Afferent sensory nerves found in the skin?

A

Free Nerve Endings, Merkel’s Cells, Meissner’s, Pacininian, and Ruffini

71
Q

Where can you find Free Nerve Endings?

A

Epidermis

72
Q

Where can you find Merkel’s cells?

A

Stratum básale

73
Q

Which Afferent nerve of the skin is responsible for mechanotransduction, immunity and inflammation?

A

Merkel’s cell

74
Q

Which sensory skin nerve is sensitive to light touch and is present in dermal papillae?

A

Meissner

75
Q

What is the function of a Pacinian Corpuscle?

A

Pressure sensitivity and vibration in dermis

76
Q

Ruffini sensory nerves are sensitive to touch and torque, where can we find them?

A

hairless skin, ligaments and tendons

77
Q

Efferent Nerves are in contact with muscle fibers through a what?

A

Neuromuscular junction

78
Q

Botilunus and curare toxins and succinylchloine (a short term muscle relaxant) can do what to a neuromuscular junction?

A

Block it

FF1 Exam 2 (7 decks)

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