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anatomy (final) > Nervous Sys. > Flashcards

Nervous Sys. Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 major functions of the nervous system

A
  1. sensory
  2. integrative
  3. motor
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2
Q

what kind of neurons are sensory neurons ?

A

afferent

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3
Q

what kind of neurons are motor neurons ?

A

efferent

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4
Q

What is the meaning of the term afferent?

A

carry the signals detected by the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

What is the meaning of the term efferent?

A

carrying information away from the brain

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6
Q

what is the integrative function of the nervous system ?

A

analyzing + storing sensory information –> then making appropriate responses

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7
Q

what are the components of the CNS?

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal Cord
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8
Q

what are the components of the PNS ?

A

all the other nervous system outside the CNS = EVERYTHING else

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9
Q

what are the 2 subdivisions of the nervous system?

A
  1. Central nervous sys
  2. Peripheral nervous sys
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10
Q

what are the components of the PNS?

A
  • Cranial nerves and their branches
  • Spinal nerves and their branches
  • Ganglia
  • Sensory receptors
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11
Q

what are ganglia ?

A
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12
Q

what are Neurons

A

electrically excitable nerve cells

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13
Q

what are neuroglial cells

A

supportive + protective cells in nervous tissue

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14
Q

what is a nerve

A

bundles of neurons

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15
Q

what are the structural components of a neuron

A
  • dendrites
  • myelin sheath
  • axon
  • axon terminal
  • cell body
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16
Q

what are the 3 functional classification of neurons?

A
  1. sensory
  2. motor
  3. interneurons
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17
Q

what function do interneurons serve in the nervous sys ?

A

integrative

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18
Q

what are the 2 subdivisions of the PNS?

A
  1. Somatic (SNS)
  2. Autonomic (ANS)
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19
Q

what 3rd subdivision is apart of the PNS but considered to fall under the ANS division?

A

enteric nervous sys (ENS)

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20
Q

what is the function of the ENS?

A

involved in regulating the digestive system

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20
Q

what PNS subdivision is under involuntary control?

A

autonomic

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21
Q

what PNS subdivision is under voluntary control?

A

somatic

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22
Q

what are the 2 subdivisions of the ANS?

A
  1. sympathetic
  2. parasympathetic
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23
Q

what subdivisions functions are associated with “fight or flight”

A

sympathetic

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24
Q

what subdivisions functions are associated with “rest and digest”

A

parasympathetic

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25
Q

what are the 2 cell types of nervous tissue?

A
  1. neurons
  2. neuroglia
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25
Q

what sys is often called “the brain of the gut”

A

enteric nervous sys

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26
Q

what are 3 structural classifications of neurons

A
  1. bipolar
  2. multipolar
  3. unipolar
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27
Q

what are the characteristics of a multipolar neuron?

A
  • Several dendrites
  • 1 axon
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28
Q

Most neurons in
the CNS are what…?

A

multipolar neurons

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29
Q

what are the characteristics of a bipolar neuron?

A
  • 1 main dendrite
  • 1 axon
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30
Q

the majority of special senses neurons are what…?

A

bipolar neurons

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31
Q

what are unipolar neurons

A

are sensory neurons that during development have a fused axon and dendrite

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32
Q

can neuroglia cells generate AP?

A

NO

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33
Q

what are the 4 types of neuroglia cells in the CNS ?

A
  1. astrocytes
  2. oligodendrocytes
  3. microglia
  4. ependymal cells
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34
Q

what are the 2 types of neuroglia cells in the PNS ?

A
  1. Schwann cells
  2. satellite cells
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34
Q

astrocyte function =

A

creates “blood brain” barrier to protect neurons

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35
Q

oligodendrocytes function =

A

form myelin sheath around CNS axons

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36
Q

microglia function =

A

function as phagocytes

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37
Q

ependymal cells function =

A

produce + maintain circulation of cerebrospinal fluid

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38
Q

Schwann cells function =

A

myelinated a single PNS axon

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39
Q

satellite cells functions =

A

facilitates the exchange of substances between neurons + extracellular environment

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40
Q

what is the Myelin sheath ?

A

is when axons are covered by a lipid and protein layer generated from oligodendrocytes/Schwann cells

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41
Q

define Unmyelinated

A

means axons that do NOT have a myelin sheath

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42
Q

define Demyelinated

A

means axons that have LOST/destroyed their myelin sheath

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43
Q

what is the Node of Ranvier

A

the gaps formed between the myelin sheaths where the axons are left uncovered

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44
Q

what does it mean if an axon IS covered by a myelin sheath

A

that the neuron is myelinated

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45
Q

what are the 2 purposes of myelination ?

A

1) To electrically insulate the axons of neurons
2) To increase speed of nerve impulse conduction

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46
Q

Node of Ranvier function =

A

how electrical signals in myelinated neurons jump from one node to the next

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47
Q

what cells produce myelin sheaths in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

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48
Q

what cells produce myelin sheaths in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

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49
Q

what disease can the destruction of myelin sheaths occur in?

A

multiple sclerosis

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50
Q

what is an autoimmune disease?

A

when your immune system is overactive = caused it to attack and damage your body’s own tissues

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51
Q

Where is gray matter located in the CNS

A

in the brain in the outermost layer

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52
Q

Where is gray matter located in the spinal cord?

A

concentrated in the middle of the spinal cord

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53
Q

What is the composition of gray matter?

A

mostly neuronal cell
bodies and unmyelinated axon

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54
Q

What is the composition of white matter?

A

mostly myelinated axons

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55
Q

What is a neural network?

A

Groups of neurons organized into circuits

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56
Q

what is neural plasticity ?

A

Organizations of neuronal
networks continually breaking and reforming

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57
Q

what is the conduction of an AP?

A

when nerve impulses travel from one area of the body to another down an axon

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58
Q

what neurons does continuous conduction occur in?

A

unmyelinated neurons

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59
Q

what neurons does saltatory conduction occur in?

A

myelinated neurons

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60
Q

which conduction is faster + why?

A
  • saltatory conduction
  • why = neurons signal jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next
61
Q

Pre-synaptic neuron function =

A

neuron sending the message

62
Q

Post-synaptic neuron function =

A

neuron receiving the signal

63
Q

what are the 3 components of the brain stem ?

A
  1. medulla oblongata
  2. pons
  3. midbrain
64
Q

what are the 3 components of the diencephalon?

A
  1. thalamus
  2. hypothalamus
  3. epithalamus
65
Q

what is the largest part of the human brain?

A

cerebrum

66
Q

what are the 4 main regions of the brain?

A
  1. cerebrum
  2. diencephalon
  3. brain stem
  4. cerebellum
67
Q

what are nuclei in regards to the brain?

A

Clusters of neuronal cell bodies with similar
functions

68
Q

what are tracts in regards to the brain?

A

Pathways of axons heading in the same direction

69
Q

what is the role of cranial meninges + the skull + CSF + blood-brain barrier ?

A

to protect the contents of the brain and spinal cord

70
Q

what are the 3 cranial + spinal meninges?

A
  1. dura mater (outer)
  2. arachnoid mater (middle)
  3. pia mater (inner)
71
Q

what are ventricles in the brain?

A

CSF filled cavities in the brain

72
Q

what are the 4 ventricles within the brain?

A
  • 2 lateral ventricles
  • third ventricle
  • fourth ventricle
73
Q

what is cerebrospinal fluid ?

A

clear liquid that continuously circles through cavities of the brain + spinal cord

74
Q

What vital functions are controlled by the medulla oblongata?

A

heart + respiratory rhythm

75
Q

Why may injury to the medulla oblongata be fatal?

A

if functions maintaining heart and respiratory
rhythm are compromised

76
Q

How is the cerebellum separated from the cerebrum?

A

by a deep groove = the
transverse fissure

77
Q

What are folia in the cerebellum ?

A

a superficial layer arranged in thin parallel ridges

78
Q

How is the cerebellum attached to the rest of the brain?

A

by the cerebellar peduncles

79
Q

functions of the cerebellum =

A
  • evaluating effectiveness of movement
  • sending feedback to cerebral cortex to correct motor errors
  • regulation of posture and balance
80
Q

What is ataxia?

A

is when damage to the cerebellum disrupts/inhibits muscle co-ordination

81
Q

functions of the hypothalamus =

A
  • regulation of the pituitary function
  • regulation of emotional and behavioral patterns
  • regulation of eating and drinking
  • control of body temperature
  • regulation of circadian rhythms and states of consciousness
82
Q

what is the cerebral cortex?

A

Outer rim of gray matter of the cerebrum

83
Q

define fissure

A

folds

83
Q

what is the cerebral hemisphere?

A

the R and L halves of the cerebrum

84
Q

define gyri

A

elevated ridges

84
Q

define sulci

A

crevices

85
Q

what component of the diencephalon is the pineal gland a part of ?

A

Epithalamus

86
Q

what are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum

A
  1. Frontal lobes
  2. Parietal lobes
  3. Occipital lobes
  4. Temporal lobes
87
Q

what are the 12 cranial nerves?

A
  1. olfactory
  2. optic
  3. oculomotor
  4. trochlear
  5. trigeminal
  6. abducens
  7. facial
  8. vestibulocochlear
  9. glossopharyngeal
  10. vagus
  11. accessory
  12. hypoglossal
88
Q

what cranial nerve is this I ?

A

olfactory

89
Q

what cranial nerve is this II ?

A

optic

90
Q

what cranial nerve is this III ?

A

oculomotor

91
Q

what cranial nerve is this IV ?

A

trochlear

92
Q

what cranial nerve is this V ?

A

trigeminal

93
Q

what cranial nerve is this VI ?

A

abducens

94
Q

what cranial nerve is this VII ?

A

facial

95
Q

what cranial nerve is this VIII ?

A

vestibulocochlear

96
Q

what cranial nerve is this IX ?

A

glossopharyngeal

97
Q

what cranial nerve is this X ?

A

vagus

98
Q

what cranial nerve is this XI ?

A

accessory

99
Q

what cranial nerve is this XII ?

A

hypoglossal

100
Q

what is the major function of cranial nerve I ?

A

smell

101
Q

what is the major function of cranial nerve II ?

A

sight

102
Q

what is the major function of cranial nerve V ?

A

touch + pain + thermal sensation

103
Q

what is the major function of cranial nerve VIII ?

A

hearing/balance

104
Q

what is the major function of cranial nerve X ?

A
  • taste
  • touch
  • pain
  • temperature
  • slows heart rate
105
Q

what is the location of cranial nerve II ?

A

optic foramen

106
Q

what is the location of cranial nerve I ?

A

olfactory foramina of cribriform plate

107
Q

what is the location of cranial nerve V (3 branches) ?

A
  1. superior orbital fissure
  2. foramen rotundum (maxillary)
  3. foramen ovale (mandibular)
108
Q

what is the location of cranial nerve VIII ?

A

internal acoustic canal (meatus)

109
Q

what are the 3 protective structures of the Spinal Cord ?

A
  1. vertebrae/spinal column 2. Meninges
  2. CSF
110
Q

what is the location of cranial nerve X ?

A

jugular foramen

111
Q

how many pairs of cervical nerves are there ?

A

8 pairs

112
Q

how many total pairs of spinal nerves are there ?

A

31 pairs

113
Q

how many pairs of thoracic nerves are there ?

A

12 pairs

114
Q

how many pairs of lumbar nerves are there ?

A

5 pairs

115
Q

how many pairs of coccygeal nerves are there ?

A

1 pair

115
Q

how many pairs of sacral nerves are there ?

A

5 pairs

116
Q

what are the cervical plexus?

A

C1-C5

117
Q

what are the brachial plexus

A

C5-T1

118
Q

what are the lumbar plexus?

A

L1-L4

119
Q

what are the sacral plexus?

A

L4-S4

120
Q

What spinal nerves do not form a plexus?

A

thoracic nerves = T2-T12

121
Q

what muscle does the phrenic nerve innervate?

A

diaphragm

122
Q

what muscle does the axillary nerve innervate?

A

deltoid + teres minor

123
Q

what muscle does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate?

A

anterior muscles of the arm

124
Q

what muscle does the ulnar nerve innervate?

A

flexor carpi ulnaris

125
Q

what muscle does the median nerve innervate?

A

muscles of ANTERIOR forearm

126
Q

what muscle does the radial nerve innervate?

A

muscles of POSTERIOR arm + forearm

127
Q

what muscle does the femoral nerve innervate?

A
  • iliacus
  • quadriceps femoris
  • sartorius
  • pectineus
    ANTERIOR leg
128
Q

what muscle does the obturator nerve innervate?

A
  • adductor longus + brevis + magnus
  • gracilis
    LATERAL side of leg
129
Q

what muscle does the sciatic nerve innervate?

A

muscles of the POSTERIOR leg

130
Q

what plexus is the phrenic nerve from?

A

cervical

131
Q

what plexus is the axillary nerve from?

A

brachial

132
Q

what plexus is the musculocutabeous nerve from?

A

brachial

133
Q

what plexus is the ulnar nerve from?

A

brachial

134
Q

what plexus is the median nerve from?

A

brachial

135
Q

what plexus is the radial nerve from?

A

brachial

136
Q

what plexus is the femoral nerve from?

A

lumbar

137
Q

what plexus is the obturator nerve from?

A

lumbar

138
Q

what plexus is the sciatic nerve from?

A

sacral

139
Q

what are the 5 external components of the spinal cord?

A
  1. Cervical enlargement
  2. Conus medullaris
  3. Cauda equina
  4. Lumbar enlargement
  5. Filum Terminal
140
Q

what is shingles ?

A

an acute infection of the PNS by herpes zoster

141
Q

can the spinal
cord integrates some of its own information?

A

YES

142
Q

what is the response from spinal integration called?

A

spinal reflex

143
Q

the pathway followed in the spinal reflex is called ?

A

reflex arc

144
Q

what are the 5 components/pathway of the reflex arc?

A
  1. sensory receptor
  2. sensory neuron
  3. integrating center
  4. motor neuron
  5. effector
145
Q

monosynaptic reflex arcs have how many synapses + interneurons ?

A
  • 1 synapse = between sensory and motor neuron
  • NO interneuron
146
Q

polysynaptic reflex arcs have how many synapses + interneurons?

A
  • 2 or more synapses
  • 3 or more interneurons
147
Q

what is the CT that surrounds the whole nerve?

A

epineurium

148
Q

what is the CT that surrounds a fascicle?

A

perineurium

149
Q

what is the CT that surrounds as individual axon?

A

endoneurium

anatomy (final) (4 decks)

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