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anatomy (final) > Digestive Sys. > Flashcards

Digestive Sys. Flashcards

1
Q

what are the components of the GI tract?

A
  1. mouth
  2. pharynx
  3. esophagus
  4. stomach
  5. small intestine
  6. large intestine
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2
Q

what is the major function of the pharynx?

A

It transports air to the larynx and food to the esophagus

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3
Q

what is the major function of the esophagus?

A

to transport food entering the mouth and into the stomach

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4
Q

what is the major function of the stomach?

A

storage + enzyme production + vitamin absorption

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5
Q

what is the major function of the small intestine?

A

absorption + digestion of nutrients

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6
Q

what is the major function of the large intestine?

A

completion of H2O absorption + formation & excretion of feces

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7
Q

what are the layers of the GI tract?

A
  1. Mucosa
    2) Submucosa
    3) Muscularis
    4) Serosa
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8
Q

components of mucosa layer =

A

epithelia inner lining + CT layer (lamina
propria) + thin layer of smooth muscle

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9
Q

components of submucosa layer =

A

areolar CT with many neurons

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10
Q

Muscularis layer components =

A

skeletal musc @ 2 ends + SM rest/middle of tract

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10
Q

What is MALT and where is it located?

A
  • MALT = immune cells in clusters
  • location = tonsils, small
    intestines, appendix and large intestin
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11
Q

epithelium cells of the mucosa layer =

A
  • Goblet cells
  • Endocrine cells
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12
Q

Rapidly dividing
cells more prone to….

A

developing tumors than
slowly dividing cells

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13
Q

Serosa layer components =

A

areolar CT + mesothelium

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14
Q

major functions of accessory digestive organs?

A

to secrete or store secretions needed for digestion

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15
Q

what are the accessory digestive organs?

A
  1. teeth
  2. tongue
  3. salivary glands
  4. liver
  5. pancreas
  6. gall bladder
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16
Q

Where is the peritoneal cavity?

A

is the space between the 2 layers of the peritoneum that lines the abdominal cavity

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17
Q

Where are the different layers?

A
  1. Parietal peritoneum = lines outside of cavity.
  2. Visceral peritoneum = covers organs
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18
Q

What is the name of the fluid in the peritoneal cavity that accumulates in disease?

A

ascites fluid

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19
Q

What is the condition called “mumps”?

A

it targets the parotid glands which become inflamed and
enlarged

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20
Q

what are the 3 major salivary glands?

A
  1. Parotid glands
  2. Submandibular glands
  3. Sublingual glands
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21
Q

How is the epithelium of the esophagus structurally related to function?

A

helps with lubrication and the swallowing of food

22
Q

What is gastrointestinal reflux disease + how can it lead to esophageal cancer?

A
  • occurs if the lower esophageal sphincter does not close completely stomach contents can back-up
  • can lead to esophageal cancer if left untreated
23
Q

How many teeth present in a child?

A

20

24
Q

How many teeth in a healthy adult if all their wisdom teeth have erupted?

A

32

24
Q

entry + exit structures of the stomach =

A
  • Entry = controlled by lower esophageal sphincter
  • Exit = controlled by pyloric sphincter
25
Q

what is the 1 endocrine cell in the stomach?

A

G cells

26
Q

what are the 3 types of exocrine cells in the stomach?

A
  1. Mucous neck cells
  2. Parietal cells
  3. Chief cells
27
Q

Mucous neck cells function =

A

secrete mucous

28
Q

Parietal cells function =

A

secrete HCl and intrinsic factor

29
Q

Chief cells function =

A

secretes pepsinogen + gastric lipase

30
Q

G cell function =

A

secrete gastrin

31
Q

What portion of the pancreas is endocrine and what portion is exocrine?

A
  • 99% = exocrine
  • 1% = endocrine
32
Q

Where are the enzymes produced by the exocrine portion secreted?

A

the main pancreatic duct

33
Q

exocrine portion of pancreas secretes what?

A

enzymes

34
Q

endocrine portion of pancreas secretes what?

A

hormones

35
Q

How is a liver lobule arranged?

A

in a hexagonal shape composed of plates of hepatocytes radiating outward from the central vein to the portal triads

36
Q

What is a portal triad composed of ?

A
  • hepatic artery
  • portal vein
  • bile duct
37
Q

What cell-types are present and what do they do?

A
  1. hepatocytes
  2. bile duct cells
  3. Kupffer cells
38
Q

What is a portal system and why is the hepatic portal system important?

A
  • portal sys. = the filtration of blood before entering the main blood stream
  • it ensures that harmful substances that may have been fully digested before the blood then enters the main blood circulation
39
Q

What is the location and function of the gallbladder?

A
  • function = stores + concentrates bile
  • location = just beneath your liver on the R side of your abdomen
40
Q

Where is bile produced? Why is it green? Where is bile stored?

A
  • produced = in liver
  • why green = because of pigment Bilirubin
  • stored = in gallbladder
41
Q

Name the different layers of the small intestine

A
  1. Duodenum - closest to stomach
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum - closest to large intestin
42
Q

How is the epithelium of the small intestine specialized for function?

A

is specialized for absorption + secretion

43
Q

Why is the mucosa folded into villi?

A

to increase the surface area to help with absorption

44
Q

What are the 5 sphincters along the GI tract?

A
  1. upper esophageal sphincter
  2. lower esophageal sphincter
  3. pyloric sphincter
  4. ileocecal sphincter
  5. internal anal sphincter
45
Q

What is the purpose of a sphincter?

A

are circular muscles that open and close passages in the body to regulate the flow of substances

46
Q

what is the functional unit of the liver ?

A

lobule

47
Q

what type of muscle makes up the upper esophageal sphincter?

A

skeletal muscle

48
Q

what type of muscle makes up the lower esophageal sphincter?

A

smooth muscle

49
Q

what type of muscle makes up the pyloric sphincter?

A

smooth muscle

50
Q

what type of muscle makes up the ileocecal sphincter?

A

smooth muscle

51
Q

what type of muscle makes up internal anal sphincter?

A

skeletal muscle

52
Q

what are the 3 layers of the mucosa layer?

A
  1. epithelium
  2. lamina propria
  3. muscularis mucosa

anatomy (final) (4 decks)

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