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anatomy (final) > Cardiac + Respiratory + Lymphatic Sys. > Flashcards

Cardiac + Respiratory + Lymphatic Sys. Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name for the study of the heart ?

A

cardiology

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2
Q

where is the heart located?

A

between your lungs + behind and to the L of sternum

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3
Q

What is the name of the membrane that surrounds the heart?

A

pericardium

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4
Q

What are the 4 layers of the heart wall (outside –> in)

A
  1. pericardium
  2. epicardium
  3. myocardium
  4. endocardium
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5
Q

Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker than the wall of the right ventricle?

A

because it has to pump blood to the entire body

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6
Q

What is the purpose of heart valves?

A

to prevent the backward flow of blood / to ensure one way of blood flow

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7
Q

What stimulates heart valves to open and close?

A

in response to pressure changes in the chambers

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8
Q

Where are the atrioventricular valves located?

A

between the atriums and ventricles

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9
Q

What are other names for the atrioventricular valves?

A
  1. tricuspid valve
  2. bicuspid valve (mitral)
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10
Q

Explain the mechanism of opening of the valves

A
  1. ventricles relax
  2. papillary muscles relax
  3. chordae tendinae slack = valve open
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11
Q

Explain the mechanism of the closing of the valves

A
  1. ventricles contract
  2. pressure of blood
    drives cusps upward
  3. papillary muscles
    contract
  4. chordae tendinae tighten = valve closed
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12
Q

What are the structures and muscles that attach these valves to the walls of the ventricles?

A
  1. chordae tendinae
  2. papillary muscles
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13
Q

What is mitral stenosis?

A

the narrowing of the bicuspid (mitral) valve

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14
Q

Where is the aortic valve located?

A

between the L ventricle and the aorta

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15
Q

Why are they called semilunar valves?

A

because they are shaped like half moons

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16
Q

where is the pulmonary valve located ?

A

between the R ventricle and the pulmonary artery

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17
Q

What is the systemic circulation?

A

pumps OXYGENATED blood from the heart to the entire body

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18
Q

Which side of the heart is the pump for the systemic circulation?

A

L side of the heart

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19
Q

What is the pulmonary circulation?

A

pumps DEOXYGENATED blood from the heart to the lungs

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20
Q

Which side of the heart is the pump for the pulmonary circulation?

A

R side of the heart

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21
Q

systemic circulation pathway

A
  1. L + R pulmonary veins
  2. L atrium
  3. bicuspid valve
  4. L ventricle
  5. aortic valve
  6. aorta + systemic arteries
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22
Q

pulmonary circulation pathway

A
  1. superior + inferior vena cava
  2. R atrium
  3. tricuspid valve
  4. R ventricle
  5. pulmonary valve
  6. pulmonary trunk + L & R pulmonary arteries
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23
Q

what are the structural characteristics of cardiac muscle?

A
  • Shorter in length
  • Branch
  • Do not fuse but connect via intercalated discs.
  • Numerous mitochondria.
  • Same arrangement of actin and myosin as
    skeletal muscle
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24
Q

intercalated discs =

A

Connect individual cardiac muscle fibers to
one another

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25
Q

what are the 2 types of junctions in intercalated discs?

A
  1. desmosomes
  2. gap junctions
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26
Q

What is the function of desmosomes in the intercalated discs?

A

anchor cells together

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27
Q

What is the function of gap junctions in the intercalated discs?

A

allow communication/conduction of action potentials between cells

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28
Q

Why are there many mitochondria in cardiac muscle tissue

A

to provide the heart with sufficient energy to be able to pump blood throughout the body

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29
Q

Where in the brain is the cardiovascular center located?

A

medulla oblongata

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30
Q

Where are cardiac action potentials initiated?

A

the SA node (sinoatrial node)

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31
Q

What pathway does the electrical signal follow through the conduction system/internodal pathway?

A
  1. SA node
  2. AV node
  3. bundle of His
  4. R and L bundle branches
  5. Purkinje (conduction) fibers
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32
Q

What proportion of cardiac muscle fibers are autorhythmic?

A

1%

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33
Q

What are the symptoms of congestive heart failure?

A
  • wheezing
  • irregular heartbeat
  • shortness of breath
  • swelling of the lower extremities + stomach area
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34
Q

What are possible causes of congestive heart failure?

A
  • coronary artery disease
  • hypertension
  • valve disorders
  • congenital defects
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35
Q

What symptoms would be expected if the left ventricle fails to pump blood adequately?

A
  • less effective pump so more blood remains in ventricle
    – heart is overstretched & even more blood remains
    – blood backs up into lungs as pulmonary edema
    – suffocation & lack of oxygen to the tissue
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36
Q

What symptoms would be expected if the right ventricle fails to pump blood adequately?

A

fluid builds up in tissues as peripheral edema

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37
Q

What are the symptoms of coronary artery disease?

A
  • narrowing of vessels
  • atherosclerosis
  • artery spasm or clot
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38
Q

What is an atherosclerotic plaque?

A

smooth muscle
& fatty deposits in walls of
arteries

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39
Q

What is a stent?

A

expandable mesh that’s put into the newly opened area of an artery to help keep the artery from narrowing or closing again

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40
Q

What is cardiac bypass surgery?

A

creates a new path for blood to flow around a blocked or partially blocked artery in the heart

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41
Q

blood is under high pressure when….?

A

it leaves the heart via the aorta

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42
Q

blood is under low pressure in…..

A

the veins

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43
Q

arteries =

A

carry blood away from heart

44
Q

veins =

A

carry blood towards the heart

45
Q

blood vessels in order =

A
  1. arteries
  2. arterioles
  3. capillaries
  4. venules
  5. veins
46
Q

How is blood classified as a tissue?

A

blood is considered fluid CT because of the cells circulating in a fluid extracellular matrix

47
Q

What are the transport functions of blood?

A

Transports oxygen to the cells of body and carbon dioxide from body cells to lungs to be excreted

48
Q

What are the regulatory functions of blood?

A
  • regulates body temp. + pH
  • maintains homeostasis of all bodily fluids
49
Q

What are the protective functions of blood?

A
  • WBC immune functions
  • blood clotting capacity
50
Q

what are the components of blood?

A

plasma and formed elements, such as cells and platelets

51
Q

RBCs contain _____ to carry oxygen to the tissues

A

hemoglobin

52
Q

Hemoglobin consists of….

A
  • a protein called globin
  • a non-protein pigment called heme
53
Q

Under what circumstances may we need to make more red blood cells than usual?

A

conditions that result in low O2 levels

54
Q

WBCs =

A

defense system in lymphatic system

55
Q

what specific cells make up lymphocytes ?

A

B and T cells

56
Q

what % of WBCs are basophils?

A

0.5-1%

57
Q

what % of WBCs are eosinophils?

A

2-4%

58
Q

what % of WBCs are monocytes?

A

3-8%

59
Q

what % of WBCs are lymphocytes?

A

20-25%

60
Q

what % of WBCs are neutrophils?

A

60-70%

61
Q

neutrophil major function =

A

phagocytosis = destruction of bacteria

62
Q

lymphocytes major function =

A
  1. antigen-antibody reaction
  2. B & T cells, natural killer cells
63
Q

monocytes major function =

A

phagocytosis = AFTER transformation into fixed/wandering macrophages

64
Q
A
65
Q

eosinophils major function =

A

releases histamines

66
Q

basophils major function =

A

involved in inflammatory + allergic reactions

67
Q

What lineage do they differentiate from?

A
68
Q

What cell is the precursor for platelets?

A

megakaryocytes

69
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

blood clotting

70
Q

What is the name for B cells when they mature and secrete antibody?

A

effector B cells

71
Q

What is the name for monocytes when they enter the tissues?

A

macrophage or a dendritic cell

72
Q

What is the name for basophils when they enter the tissues?

A

mast cells

73
Q

Why are the red bone marrow and thymus referred to as primary lymphatic tissues?

A

because the majority of immune cells originate in them

74
Q

What are the components of the upper respiratory system?

A

nose, pharynx and
associated structures

75
Q

What are the components of the lower respiratory system?

A

larynx, trachea, bronchi
and lungs

76
Q

What are the components of the conducting zone?

A

cavities and tubes = nose,
pharynx, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal
bronchioles

77
Q

What are the components of the respiratory zone?

A

gas exchange with blood =
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar
sacs, alveoli

78
Q

What are the components of the external nose?

A

bone + cartilage

79
Q

Name 3 functions of the internal nose

A
  1. Warms, moistens and filters external air
  2. Detects olfactory stimuli
  3. Modifies speech vibrations
80
Q

Where is the pharynx located with respect to the larynx?

A

pharynx is located behind the larynx

81
Q

How many different cartilages are in the walls of the larynx?

A

9 cartilages = 3 single + 3 paired

82
Q

Which laryngeal cartilage influences the position and tension of the vocal cords?

A

arytenoid cartilages

83
Q

Which laryngeal cartilage is often called the “Adam’s apple”?

A

thyroid cartilage

84
Q

Which laryngeal cartilage is connected to the hyoid bone?

A

thyroid cartilage

85
Q

Which laryngeal cartilage is involved in swallowing?

A

epiglottis

86
Q

What is laryngitis?

A

inflammation of the larynx

87
Q

What are the 9 cartilages in the walls of the larynx called?

A
  1. thyroid
  2. epiglottis
  3. cricoid
  4. arytenoid (paired)
  5. cuneiform (paired)
  6. corniculate (paired)
88
Q

What are the ventricular folds and the vocal folds?

A
  • ventricular folds = false vocal cords
  • vocal folds = true vocal cords
89
Q

What enables the vocal cords to vibrate and produce sound?

A

the contraction of laryngeal muscles

90
Q

What will cause a louder sound?

A

Greater pressure of air in vocal folds produces louder sound

91
Q

What controls pitch?

A

tension on vocal cord

92
Q

Why do men have deeper voices than women?

A

men have thicker + longer vocal cords

93
Q

what do the ventricular folds allow for?

A

breathe holding

94
Q

What is a tracheotomy?

A

a hole is placed in the trachea and the patient breathes through a plastic/metal tube

95
Q

How is the cartilage arranged in the trachea and why?

A

C-shaped stacks = to expand trachea + keep airways open

96
Q

What is the name and role of the last tracheal cartilage ridge present before entering the bronchi?

A

the CARINAS role = cough reflex

97
Q

What are the components of the bronchial tree?

A
  • primary bronchi
  • secondary bronchi
  • tertiary bronchi
  • terminal bronchioles
98
Q

How do the cartilage and muscle layers change as you progress through the bronchial tree and how do these changes relate to function?

A
  • move DOWN = cartilage decrease + smooth muscle increases
  • more muscles = allows for contraction/relaxation
99
Q

How does allergy (asthma) influence smooth muscle contraction in the bronchial tree?

A

the muscle spasms from asthma can close the airways

100
Q

How many lobes of lung on the right? How many on the left? Why?

A
  • R = 3 lobes
  • L = 2 lobes
  • L has less than the R to make room for the heart
101
Q

If one lung collapses can the other function?

A

yes, because they are 2 distinct (completely separate) cavities

102
Q

Where is the pleural membrane?

A

around the lungs

103
Q

How many layers does the pleural membrane have and what lies between?

A
  • Outer parietal pleura
  • Inner visceral pleura
  • space in between = called pleural cavity
104
Q

What is pleuritis?

A

inflammation of the pleural cavity

105
Q

where in the lungs does gas exchange occur?

A

alveoli

anatomy (final) (4 decks)

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