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Lifespan Development > Nervous & Sensory System Changes > Flashcards

Nervous & Sensory System Changes Flashcards

1
Q

Neurulation

A

formation of the neural tube

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2
Q

Neurulation depends on

A

presence of the notochord (porition of mesoderm under what will become the neuroectoderm)

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3
Q

Neurulation Steps

A
  1. Notochord becomes neuroectoderm/neural plate
  2. Neural tube forms (lateral edges of neural plate fold up toward eachother)
  3. Neural tube detaches from ectoderm layer, leaving neural crest
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4
Q

Neural crest is precursor to

A

PNS, sensory ganglia & autonomic ganglia

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5
Q

Autonomic Ganglia is precursor to

A

spinal cord & brain

  • vesicle formation
  • ventricles & spinal cord
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6
Q

sulcas limitans

A

as the walls of the neural tube thicken, sulcas limitans develops and divides neural tube into ventral and drorsal portions (spinal cord-midbarin)

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7
Q

Dorsal region (after division of sulcus limitans)

A

=alar plate; mediates sensory (afferent) information

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8
Q

Ventral region (after division of sulcus limitans)

A

= basal plate; mediates motor (efferent) information

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9
Q

Defects of neuralization are charaterized by:

A

failure of the neural tube to close at either end (anterior/cephallic or posteriorly/caudal)

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10
Q

Posterior neuropore does not close =

A

spina bifida

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11
Q

Anterior neuropore does not close =

A

Ancephaly

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12
Q

3 zones of cell proliferation

A
  1. Germinal matrix zone
  2. Intermediate zone
  3. Marginal zone
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13
Q

Germinal matrix zone

A

a. lines the lateral ventricles and central canal
b. site of cell proliferation (MITOSIS) - neuroblasts & glioblasts
c. eventually form epithelium (ventricles) and chroid plexus (CSF)

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14
Q

Intermediate zone (mantle)

A

a. cells from GMZ migrate to intermediate zone (post-mitotic)
b. eventually form functional layers in spinal cord, brain stem, cerebellum, cortex
c. eventually becomes grey matter

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15
Q

Marginal zone

A

Eventually will become white mater - made up of axons from the intermediate zone

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16
Q

Cell migration, aggregation, and differentiation

A

Neurons migrate to a specific location based on the functions they will perform

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17
Q

What helps guide early migration

A

Thyroxin & glial cells

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18
Q

In what zone do axons with similar functions bundle to form tracts

A

marginal zone

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19
Q

Disorders of migration/differentiation

A

Dyslexia, seizure disorder, agenesis of corpus collosum

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20
Q

When axons migrate toward a target, they must make a ___ to survive

A

synaptic connection

  • axons that dont make connections die off
  • axons that make synpases but are not needed also die off
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21
Q

Survival of the fittest concept (synpases)

A

several axons synapse on a single muscle cell, but only one can innervate, others retract; this improves the quality of movement

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22
Q

Competition concept (synpases)

A

Axons of neurons supporting function of target site are ones to survive even if several axons synapse at target

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23
Q

when do dendrites form

A

after axon nears target

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24
Q

Myelination =

A

insulation of long axons; improves conduction velocity

-begins in 4th gestational month and continues after birth

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25
Q

Gyri and sulci

A
  • form by 8 fetal months

- increase SA without increasing the volume needed

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26
Q

Throughout gestation the brain undergoes a

A

rapid increase in size and weight

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27
Q

Anterior portion of the forebrain growth

A
  • eventually becomes the cerebral hemisphere
  • expands so much that it enevelopes the diencephalon; this is why the thalamus and hypothalamus are located deep in the cortex
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28
Q

Brain expands ventro-laterally to form

A

-temporal lobe curving into a “C” shape

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29
Q

Increase in brain size esp. prevalent in

A

first 2 years

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30
Q

3-10 months

A

associated with functional skill development and gross motor skills (walking)

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31
Q

15-24 months

A

associated with development of language

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32
Q

dendritic branching/formation is impacted by

A

experience

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33
Q

High levels of ___ reflect growth, capillary network formation, synpatic formation

A

glucose metabolism

-high in infancy and remains high through childhood (3-9 years)

34
Q

By age __, size and relationship of parts resemble adult brain

A

2

35
Q

MRI studies 7-16 year olds

A
  • increase white matter decrease grey mater in parietal lobes
  • increase white mater in occipital lobe
  • decrease grey mater in temporal lobe
  • associate with cognitive tasks: verbal learning, organization, attention, concentration
36
Q

Studies for 12-30 year olds

A

Maturation in frontal lobe and striatal structures (internal capsule, arcuate fibers)

37
Q

Organization critical periods continue until

A

shortly after birth

38
Q

Rapid growth of dendrites and synapses in:

A

first 2 yeaars

39
Q

When do synaptic and dendritic density reach adult density

A

late adolescence

40
Q

synapse and dendtritic development continue into adulthood in response to:

A

experience/practice - LEARNING

41
Q

Myelination is most active from

A

prenatal –> first year of life

42
Q

myleination continues to:

A

about 40 years of age with last intracortical connections becoming myelinated

43
Q

Anatomical brain changes in older adult

A
  1. Decrease in brain weight and volume: primary in frontal and temporal lobes (amygdala - emotions and hippocampus- working memory)
  2. atrophy of neurons
  3. Neuronal loss associated with Parkinson’s and Alzheimers
  4. Enlargement in ventricles

-accelerated in 70s-80s

44
Q

Cellular changes in older adult brain

A
  1. Loss of white matter: related to axon and myelin degeneration- may lead to reaction time changes
  2. Dendrite degeneration- impacts neural plasticity
  3. Senile plaques - occurs to a greater extent with Alzheimers
  4. Neurofibrillary tangles - bundles more pronounced in Alzheimers
  5. decreased neurotransmission - decreased receptor sites, decreased sensitivity of receptors, decreased amount of neurotransmitter
  6. free radicals - cause breakdown of cellular structure
    - brain generates more free radicals than other tissue in the body
45
Q

Infant development: meylination of the corticospinal tract primarily occurs from

A

8mons gestation through the 1st year of life

46
Q

How does myelination affect the types and quality of movement observed in an infant

A

during the time of myelination of the corticospinal tract we see the greatest development in gross & fine motor skills
ex: walking, crawling

47
Q

How does diet and nutrition contribute to the development of Nervous system during infancy

A

glucose, fats, and lipids important for the development of the nervous system

48
Q

Brain growth spurt times

A

6-8
10-12
18

49
Q

Corticopsinal tract becomes morphologically mature at

A

10

50
Q

Corticospinal tract becomes electrophysically mature at

A

13
*although the structure of the tract is adult like in its connections and anatomical configurations, it does not yet exhibit adult levels of neurotransmission

51
Q

Effects of feedbaack on motor performance in kids vs adults

A

Adults show higher error scores with 100% feedback compared to 62% feedback
Children show lower error scores with 100% feedback versus 62% feedback

52
Q

Specific changes in older adulthood/aging

A

atrophy of both white and grey matter; these structural changes have been associated with an increase in reaction time for the initiation of complex motor tasks

53
Q

How would age related changes affect the performance and safety of the older adult?
-what to do as the PT

A

poor reaction times = driving dangers, increased falls

- As the PT: think MAINTAIN & ACCOMODATE; you cannot necesarily change the neuroplasticity of an older patient

54
Q

Prenatal development: TOUCH

  • mouth
  • body
  • top of head
A

Mouth: 7-8 weeks
Body: 17 weeks
Top/back of head: does not develop as soon - decreased sensitivity necessary during birthing process

55
Q

Vestibular development

A

semicircular canals; 9-10weeks - can react in change in position

56
Q

Special senses development

A

Sight - light perception: 6 months gestation

Hearing: 24 weeks gestation - consistent response to sound at 28 weeks gestation

57
Q

Goals of postural orientation in prenatal development

A
  1. head vertical

2. eyes horizontal

58
Q

Focal distance of a new born

A

7-10 inches

59
Q

Newborns can detect temp changes up to

A

5-6 degrees

60
Q

Touch development infancy-toddler

A
  • can localize 7-9mons

- specific location: 12-16 months

61
Q

Auditory development infant-toddler

A
  • myelination occurs 1mon after birth

- turns to sounds at approx 3 months

62
Q

Vision development infant-toddler

A
  • colors at 2 months (red and yellow); 4 months (all colors)
  • tracking develops from 2mons - 6 mons
  • binoccular vision begins at 3 months - takes 2 yeas to develop
63
Q

Kinesthesia develops from

A

5-12

64
Q

Accuity develops at

A

8 yo

65
Q

Memory develops at

A

12 yo

66
Q

Vestibular development in childhood-adolescence

A

Maturation complete 10-14

Sensitivity decreases at 2.5 yo through puberty

67
Q

children and adolesence main take away

A

need stability before mobility

-think of graph: use of vestibular input to minimize postural sway

68
Q

Child and adolesence vision

A
  1. 5-10 refining ability to track moving object
  2. figure/ground perception at 8yo
  3. adult level depth perception at 12
69
Q

3-4 years spatial awareness

A

can perceive dichotomous relationships (top/bottom, over/under)

70
Q

5 years old spatial awareness

A

develop laterally (right vs left)

71
Q

6-12 year old spatial awareness

A

develops directionality (laterality and spatial awareness)

72
Q

6 yo spatial awareness

A

mirrors/intimidates movements

73
Q

7 years old spatial awareness

A

body is point of reference to objects (ball is in front of me)

74
Q

10 years old spatial awareness

A

can determine right and left of a person facing them

75
Q

12 year old spatial awareness

A

orientation within the environment (sun sets in west)

76
Q

touch, temp, pain, vibration senses in older adult

A

function deceases - related to decreased number of receptors (Pacinian corpscles and meissners corpuscles)

77
Q

begin to lose vibration sense at:

A

50 y.o

  • related to # of pacinian corpuscles
  • nerve conduction velocity
  • seen in LEs
78
Q

temp & thermoregulation older adult

A

temp receptors decrease - less sensitive

hypothalamus changes - difficulty with regulation

79
Q

vestibular changes older adult

A

A. > 75 y.o = 40% decrease in myelination of vestibular nerve fibers
B. loss of hair cells
C. Results in loss of dynamic balance

80
Q

Hearing changes older adult

A

A. Presbycusus- decreased acuity (esp for high frequency tones)

  • can begin at 30 yo
  • changes in both ear and cortical processing
81
Q

Taste and smell changes in older adult

A

-decline with age: impacts nutrition

82
Q

Vision changes older adult

A
  1. vision acuity increases - age 40, begins to decrease by 60; by 85 = 80% loss
  2. cataracts form > 30 y.o ; 33% of all 80 y.o have fully developed cataraacts
  3. color discrimination decreases (esp. green-blue)
  4. glare more of a problem
  5. difficulty with low levels of light (pupil size decreases - less light into eye)
  6. difficulty with bright lights/sudden changes of light - due to retinal sensitivity
  7. decreased depth perception - decreased contrast sensitivtiy
  8. dark adaptation takes longer
  9. presbyopia - diminished ability to focus on reading distance
  10. thickening of lens; changes in cilary mm activity

Lifespan Development (12 decks)

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