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Lifespan Development > Lecture 7: Developmental Issues for Infants and Toddlers > Flashcards

Lecture 7: Developmental Issues for Infants and Toddlers Flashcards

1
Q

Prenatal issues: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

A
  • related to heavy alcohol use in first trimester
  • growth retardation - low birth weight
  • CNS abnormality - primarily cognitive and behavioral issues
  • craniofacial anomalie; short nose, thin upper lip,
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2
Q

Fetal alcohol effects (FES) or Alcohol related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND)

A
  • milder CNS (cognitive and behavioral) involvement

- related to mild alcohol use throught pregnancy or heavy alcohol use late in pregnancy

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3
Q

FAS and FES can result in problems with

A

impulse control and decision making

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4
Q

Newborns exposed to drugs in utero will go through:

A

withdrawl

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5
Q

Cocaine use linked to

A
  • prematurity
  • LBW
  • placental abruption - anoxia for fetus – CNS damange
  • Neurobehavioral abnormalities - irritability, behavior issues
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6
Q

Ciggarettes linked to

A

LBW & prematurity

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7
Q

Prescription drugs linked to

A

thalidomide (cancer med) –> malformation of limb buds in embryonic stage

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8
Q

Prenatal issues - maternal infection/intrauterine infections

A

STORCH - require blood test for infection

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9
Q

S (STORCH)

A

Syphilis - Bacterial

-several internal organs affected (liver, spleen); hearing loss

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10
Q

T (STORCH)

A

Toxoplasmosis (parasite) - hearing vision & cognitive impairments

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11
Q

R (STORCH)

A

Rubella (virus)

vision and hearing loss/defecits, cognitive deficits, heart defects

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12
Q

STRORCH (C)

A

Cytomegalovirus (virus)

  • 5-15% of fetuses exposed will present with some involvement, can include vision and hearing deficits, microcephaly, cognitive and motor impairments
  • people with CMV may pass the virus in body fluids; saliva, urine, blood, tears, semen and breast milk
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13
Q

H (STORCH)

A

Herpes (virus)

-can involve CNS - cognitive deficit, seizures

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14
Q

handwashing lowers risk of maternal infection by

A

50-85%

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15
Q

prenatal issues - Zika virus

A
  • related to aedes mosquito
  • outbreaks in central and south america, 2016
  • may cause microcephaly in new born
  • damange to eye strucutre, visual cortex
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16
Q

prenatal issues - HIV

A
  • transmitted to fetus through placenta or during birthing process (breast milk after birth)
  • (in US) HIV+ women taaking medication - decreased risk of passing virus to fetus/baby
  • virus impacts CNS - developmental delay
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17
Q

health professionals need to use universal precautions for blood borne pathogens until

A

known if an active infection is being carried

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18
Q

Prenatal issues - maternal diabetes

A
  • babies born large for gestational age
  • increased risk of brachial plexus injuries during birthing process because of size
  • also see some long term, mild motor delays
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19
Q

Prenatal issues - malnutriton

A
  • LBW and risk for infant mortality
  • improved social efforts to increase prenatal medical care
  • social support/services available to women who are pregnant for food and vitamins
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20
Q

folic acid supplementation

A
  • decreased risk for spina bifida

- must be taking before pregnancy and in early months of pregnancy

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21
Q

mean age for maternal age

A

26.6

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22
Q

decreased age for maternal age

A

15-19

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23
Q

increased maternal age

A

over 40

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24
Q

increased maternal age increases risk for

A

genetic disorders (downs syndrome)

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25
Q

Teen pregnancy

A
  • high risk pregnancy
  • increased risk for LBW infant
  • teen pregnancy dropped 7%; less sexually active & better use of birth control
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26
Q

APGAR score measured between

A

1 and 5 minutes

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27
Q

APGAR score measures:

A

HR, respiration, muscle tone, reflex irritability, color

  • score each item as 0, 1, 2
  • max score = 10
28
Q

Normative scores at 1 min

A 
0-2 = 6% of babies 
3-7 = 24% of babies 
8-10 = 70% babies
29
Q

Low scores (0-3) after 5 min risk for

A

infant death, risk for CNS complication

30
Q

Prematurity =

A

< 37 weeks gestation; normala gestation 38-40 weeks

31
Q

In US avg. birth weight =

A

7.5pounds (5.8-8.13)

32
Q

LBW =

A

< 1 lb at birth

33
Q

Small for gestational age (SGA)

A

Weight < 10th% for GA

34
Q

Large for gestational age (LGA)

A

Weight > 90th% for GA

35
Q

Newborn eats __X/day

A

8-14

36
Q

Newborn cries ___X/day

A

16hours/day

-crying is method of communicating needs, estabilghing caregiving relationships with parents

37
Q

Infants - Erikson’s stage of development: Basic trust

A
  • positive caregiving (touch, feeding, change diapers, etc) - TRUST
  • inconsistent caregiving (babies cry not always answered, baby left hundry or lack of cuddling/soothing touch) –> mistrust
38
Q

Functional task of infant: form __

A

relationships

39
Q

Infant learning

A

Piaget’s sensorimotor stage

refer to table

40
Q

Play is the work of children

A

Solitary play - 1st year

symbolic play - 12-18 mons

41
Q

How do babies communcate their needs

A
  • body language
  • physiologic signals
  • vocalizations
42
Q

Expressive communcation: cooing

A

vowel sounds, breathy, soft sounds

43
Q

expressive communcation - babbling

A

combine consonants & vowels

44
Q

expressive communcation - jargon

A

uses intonation pattern, but not recognizeable words

45
Q

___ words by 12 months

A

1-3 words

46
Q

Receptive communication - listens to conversations

A
  • turn taking
  • attnetion span
  • understands names and familar objects
47
Q

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A
  • modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors
  • non-modifiable: gender, # of previous pregnancies, racial/ethnic background
  • modifiable: positioning, maternal smoking, breastfeeding
48
Q

Back to sleep campagin

A
  • babies should be placed in supine for sleeping

- parent should incorporate “tummy time” into day

49
Q

Toddler 2-3 Erikson’s stage of development

A

Autonomy versus Shame/Doubt
Autonomy - learn to be independent, begin to control other people
-Terrible “two’s”
-shame/doubt - fail at independence - begin to experience self-doubt

50
Q

Learning - Piaget’s Sensorimtor stage

A

Object performance - looking for things in direction they saw it go; will actively search for things

  • trial and error - bang pots and pans > make noise
  • functional use of objects - utensils
51
Q

Onlooker play

A

watch others, but not participate

52
Q

Symbolic play - complex, cooperative

A

assume roles (dress up)

53
Q

parallel play

A

like to play side by side with another child, but not together

54
Q

Movement in toddlers

A

running, climbing, etc

-refine a variety of motor tasks

55
Q

communication (expressive) toddlers

A
  • uses word combination
  • simple sentences (2 years)
  • 300-350 (2 years) nouns, verbs, pronouns
  • 900+ words by 3 years
56
Q

Receptive communication toddlers

A
  • understands several words (no, come, dog)
  • looks at named object
  • follow simple commands - 18mons (stop, no)
57
Q

What is child abuse and neglect?

A

-physical or mental injury
-sexual abuse
-negligent treatment
-maltreatment
(any child under 18 years old)

58
Q

Physical therapists are ____

A

mandatory reporters

59
Q

physical neglect

A

inappropriate diet, not kept clean, diaper rush due to not changing diaper

60
Q

medical neglect

A

does not follow medical or mental health recommendations

61
Q

educational neglect

A

child does not aattend school

62
Q

emotional neglect

A

leaves child unattneded, permit child alcohol/drugs

63
Q

physical abuse

A
  • most often seen in infants and young children
  • infants - shaken baby syndrome
  • may also see fractures, bruises, burns
  • 80% or perpetrators are parents - consider they are “disciplining”
64
Q

sexual abuse

A

cana include explotaitn, molestation (contact, inappropriate touchingm or penetration (vagnial, oral, or anal) - seen most often in 7-10 year olds, but can be seen infants

65
Q

emotional abuse

A

difficult to discern

-Impairs self-esteem

66
Q

ADA - americans with disability act

A
  • parents of disabeled children are protected from discrimination in hiring
  • protects right to health insurnace
  • access to public transportation and public buildings

Lifespan Development (12 decks)

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