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Lifespan Development > Lecture 16: Demography of aging > Flashcards

Lecture 16: Demography of aging Flashcards

1
Q

Demography

A

scientific study of a population

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2
Q

importance of demography to physical therapists

A

changes in demography profoundly influence the number of persons needing physical therapy services, the types of physical therapy that will be needed, the human resources to provide it and the financial resources to pay for it

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3
Q

demographic pyramid

A

a bar graph with the population in millions on the X-axis and a full range of birth cohorts on the Y-axis

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4
Q

demographic projections are based on

A

assumptions about how past trends will affect future trends

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5
Q

Among older adults, life expectancy is

A

increasing

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6
Q

among older adults, age specific life expectancy is greater for __ than ___

A

women than men

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7
Q

death rates have decreased for most causes of death, but death rates caused by ___ disease have increased

A

Alzheimers

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8
Q

Among older adults, the most common chronic health conditions are (rank from most common to least common) (based on lecture)

A
  1. Hypertension
  2. Arthritis
  3. Heart disease
  4. cancer
  5. diabetes
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9
Q

Among older adults, the most common chronic health conditions are (based on what Irwin said)

A
  1. COPD
  2. Emphysema
  3. Bronchitis
  4. Pneumonia
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10
Q

Less than ___% of older adults in the US have significant functional limitations in vision, hearing, or mobility

A

<25%

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11
Q

most older adults don’t have:

A

dimentia

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12
Q

among older adults in the united states, increasing age is one of the strongest risk factors for

A

dimentia

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13
Q

about __% of people 65+ have dimentia

A

7.5%

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14
Q

about __% of 85+ years have dimentia

A

25%

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15
Q

older ___ are more likely to have dimentia at ages 65-74 (young-old)

A

men

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16
Q

older __ are more likely to have dimentia at older ages (75-84) (85+)

A

women

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17
Q

Most older adults do not have __ symptoms

A

depressive

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18
Q

from ages (65-84) (young-old and middle-old) the percentage of persons with depressive symptoms is fairly __

A

stable (10-13%)

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19
Q

among persons 85+ (old-old) the percentage of person’s with depressive symptoms is

A

~14%

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20
Q

at ages 55+. the rates of depressive symptoms are greater among ____ than ___

A

women&raquo_space; men

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21
Q

most older adults do not have limitations in their ____

A

ADL’s

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22
Q

about __% of older adults have difficulty with at least one ADL

A

25%

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23
Q

the most common ADL limitation is:

A

inability to walk 2-3 blocks

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24
Q

___ have slightly higher rates of ADL limitations than ___

A

women&raquo_space; men

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25
Q

among all age and race groups, most older adults rate their health as:

A

good, very good, or excellent

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26
Q

overall, __% of older adults report good to excellent health

A

78%

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27
Q

Caucasian older adults report higher levels of health than

A

Hispanic and African American older adults

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28
Q

Young-old adults report higher levels of health than do

A

middle-old and old-old adults

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29
Q

about __% of medicare enrollees had a hospital stay

A

25%

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30
Q

about __ of medicare enrollees had a skilled nursing stay

A

6.8%

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31
Q

most older adults have had a physician visit in the last

A

year

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32
Q

average cost of prescription has increased over the past

A

15 years

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33
Q

as age increases, the cost per enrollee per year

A

increases

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34
Q

major components of medicare healthcare costs

A
  1. physcian/outpatient hospital
  2. impatient hospitals
  3. prescription drugs
  4. nursing home/long term care
  5. other
  6. home health care
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35
Q

how will the aging of the US population impact physical therapy practice

A
  1. types of health care problems physical therapists will manage
  2. setting in which physical therapy services will be delivered
  3. criteria that payers use to determine need for physical therapy services
  4. first job that you take after receving your physical therapy license
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36
Q

the fastest growing segment of the population is

A

85+

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37
Q

difference in life expectancy between men and women means that the experience of old age for men and women:

A

differs in multiple ways

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38
Q

although chronic health conditions are common among older adults, many of the negative effects of chronic health conditions are caused by

A

health risk factors that can be changed

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39
Q

although the proportion of older adults with health-related problems increases with increasing age, most older adults report being in

A

good-excellent health

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40
Q

although most older adults report being in good/excellent health, they utilize

A

a large number of formal health care services

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41
Q

current poverty rates of older adults are less than (2 age groups)

A
  • 18 and under

- and 18-64

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42
Q

those who depend on social security for their main source of income are the most likely to live in

A

poverty

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43
Q

what is the largest source of income for older adults

A
  • social security

- the proportion of older adults with high and middle incomes in slowly increasing

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44
Q

there are about __ males to 100 females in the 65-84 age group

A

84 males

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45
Q

there are about ___ per 100 females in the 85+ age group

A

56

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46
Q

among all age groups, most ___ are married

A

older-men

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47
Q

more than half of ___ women are married, but that decreases for

A

-young-old women are married

but only 41% of middle-old women are married and 16% of old-old women are married

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48
Q

more older men live with a partner than older

A

women

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49
Q

most older adults (93%) live in the

A

community

  • 3% live in community housing
  • 3-4% live in nursing homes/long-term care facilites (the percentage increases dramatically with age)
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50
Q

the meaning of family

A
  • historical changes
  • more grandparents per grandchild
  • source and solution for family stress
  • emotional closeness
  • resource exchange
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51
Q

most older adults remain socially engaged throughout

A

their whole lives

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52
Q

although mental strategies may change, the cognitive function of most older adults remains within

A

normal limits

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53
Q

mostly stable cognitive function

A
  • verbal intelligence
  • verbal skill
  • sensory memory
  • remote long-term memory
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54
Q

changing cognitive function

A
  • problem solving
  • information processing
  • psychomotor skill
  • encoding processes
  • abstract reasoning
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55
Q

implications to change in cognition

A
  • expect intellect to be varied
  • concentrate on tasks one at a time
  • focus on new knowledge that is consistent with previous learning
  • reduce distractions
  • use as many senses as possible
  • assist with organizing information to be learned
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56
Q

Depression diagnosis criteria

A

5(+) symptoms most days for 2 weeks
must include depressed mood or decreased interest/pleasure in most activites
-poor appetite
-decreased energy, fatigue
-weight change
-feel worthless/guilty
-sleep change
- decreased concentration, decreased thinking ability
-recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
-psychomotor activity (increased or decreased)

57
Q

dementia involves

A

broad global impairment of intellectual function

58
Q

dementia is age associated but not

A

age-caused

59
Q

symptoms of dementia

A
  • decreased short-term memory due to recall problems (hallmark for alzheimer’s)
  • progresses to decreases in higher function (disoriented to time, place, then people)
  • aphasia (difficulty speaking)
  • difficulty using common objects
  • poor judgement
  • personality changes
  • agitation, wandering, sleeplessness
  • paranoia
  • eventually bedridden
  • death from complications
60
Q

when working with older adults with dementia work with them as patiently as you would

A

work with a child, while fully respecting them as adults

61
Q

delirium

A

an abrupt change in mental status and behavior with global, fluctuating impairment in cognitive processes and alterations in attention

62
Q

delirium is age associated but not

A

age-caused

63
Q

delerium symptoms

A
  • disturbed psycomotor activity
  • disorientation
  • distorted thinking
  • inabiltiy to process environmental information
  • memory impairment
  • withdrawl or agitation
  • illusions and paranoid ideations due to misinterpreation of environmental stimuli
  • sleep-wake disturances
64
Q

when working with older adults with cognitive impariments:

A
  • simplify
  • explain frequently
  • reorient
  • slow down
  • avoid change
  • maintain familiar objects and routines
  • touch
  • respect dignitiy
  • educate family
65
Q

changes in digestion (older-adult) include

A

changes in nutritional requirements as well as changes in the oral cavity, liver, small intestine, and large intestine

66
Q

risk factors of malnutrition

A

risk of malnutrition is increased in the presence of disease, eating poorly, impaired dental health, high alcohol consumption, economic hardship, reduced social contact, multiple medications, involuntary weight loss, ADL dependence, age greater than 80

67
Q

dehydration and older adult

A

with aging comes a change in the sense of thirst and diminished activity in the hormonal balance of fluids
-together these changes make dehydration more likely

68
Q

signs of dehydration

A

dry lips, sunken eyes, increased body temp, decreaed BP, constipation, decreased urine output, nausea, confusion

69
Q

bowel and bladder function changes due to

A

weakening of pelvic floor musculature; changes in renal function, urinary incontience

70
Q

urge incontience

A

person feels the need to empty the bladder but is unable to get to a toilet before urination occurs (timing issue)

71
Q

stress incontinence

A

a cough, strain, laugh, sneeze, or otherwise initiated by Valsalva maneuver causes involuntary loss of urine

72
Q

overflow incontinence

A

bladder is overly distended causing bladder pressure to exceed urethral pressure no matter what the person may attempt
Ex: large prostate tumor, nerve damange, herniated disc

73
Q

functional incontinence

A

occurs when people with normal bladder and urethral function have difficulty getting to the toilet before urination
(ex: can’t physically get to the bathroom, can’t undress themselves)

74
Q

constipation changes in older adults

A
  • no decrease in motility compared to younger adults

- may be secondary to decreased water intake, nutritional issues, lower acitivty level, living alone

75
Q

paternalism

A

medical decision making in which health care professionals exercise unilateral authority over patients

76
Q

older adults have right to information and participation in decision making

A
  • patient self-determination act

- consumer bill of rights and responsibilites

77
Q

living wills express

A

health care desires (when unable due to illness or incapacity)

78
Q

durable power of attorney for health care

A

person who makes medical decisions when you can’t

79
Q

DNR

A

Do not Resuscitate; no heroic efforts to save life

80
Q

elder abuse (definition)

A

any 3 types of mistreatment of any illinois resident over 60 who live in the community

81
Q

abuse

A

physical, sexual, or emotional maltreatment and or willingful confinement

82
Q

neglect

A

failure of a caregiver to provide the older person with the necessities of life including but not limited to food, clothing, shelter, medical care (may be passive or willful)

83
Q

financial exploitation

A

misuse or withholding of the older person’s resources by another to the disadvantage of the older person and/or profit of another
-most often reported form of elder abuse (at least 50% of reports in illinois)

84
Q

PTs must report abuse within

A

24hrs

85
Q

professionals and government employees (PTs) must report

A
  • any suspected abuse, neglect, or exploitation of an older person to the Department of Aging Elder Abuse and Neglect Program
  • where the older person because of dysfunction is unable to report for themselves (ie the person is not competent or is unable to seek assistance for him/herself)
  • reporting requirement is limited to those older persons the professional sees when they are carrying out their professsional duties
  • professional judgement must be used to evaluate who is unable to report
86
Q

who can you report to

A
  • Local Elder Abuse provider agency

- IL Elder Abuse Hotline

87
Q

patient restraints

A

often a violation of human rights

-any physical or pharmalogical means used to restrict a patient’s movement, activity, or access to their body

88
Q

right to be free of restraint

A

patients have the right to be free from any restraint imposed for purposes of discipline or convenience and not required to treat a person’s medical symptoms

89
Q

the majority of older adults have Alzhemier’s disease

T or F

A

False

90
Q

as people grow older, their intelligence rapidly declines

T or F

A

False

91
Q

It is very difficult for older adults to learn new things

T or F

A

False

92
Q

Personality changes with age

T or F

A

False

93
Q

Memory loss is a normal part of aging

T or F

A

True

94
Q

As older adults grow older, reaction time increases

T or F

A

True

95
Q

Clinical depression occurs more frequently in older than younger people
T or F

A

False

96
Q

older adults are at risk for HIV/AIDS

T or F

A

True

97
Q

Alcoholism and alcohol abuse are significantly greater problems in the adult population
over age 65 than that under age 65.
T or F

A

False

98
Q

older adults have more trouble sleeping than younger adults

T or F

A

True

99
Q

older adults have the highest rate of suicide rate of any age group
T or F

A

False

100
Q

high blood pressure increases with age

T or F

A

True and False

101
Q

Older people perspire less, so they are more likely to suffer from hyperthermia.
T or F

A

True

102
Q

all women develop osteoperosis as they age

T or F

A

False

103
Q

a person’s height tends to decline in old-age

T or F

A

True

104
Q

physical strength declines in old age

T or F

A

True

105
Q

most old people lose interest in and capacity for sexual relations
T or F

A

False

106
Q

. Bladder capacity decreases with age, which leads to frequent urination. T or F

A

True

107
Q

kidney function is not affected by age

T or F

A

false

108
Q

increased problems with constipation represent a normal change as people get older
T or F

A

False

109
Q

all five senses tend to decline with age

T or F

A

True

110
Q

As people live longer, they face fewer acute conditions and more chronic health
conditions. T or F

A

true

111
Q

. Retirement is often detrimental to health-­‐-­‐i.e., people frequently seem to become ill or
die soon after retirement. T or F

A

False

112
Q

Older adults are less anxious about death than are younger and middle-­‐aged adults. T or F

A

True

113
Q

People 65 years of age and older currently make up about 20% of the U.S. population. T or F

A

False

114
Q

most older people live in nursing homes T or F

A

false

115
Q

The modern family no longer takes care of its elderly T or F

A

False

116
Q

The life expectancy of men at age 65 is about the same as that of women. T or F

A

False

117
Q

Remaining life expectancy of blacks at age 85 is about the same as whites. T or F

A

True

118
Q

Social Security benefits automatically increase with inflation T or F

A

True

119
Q

Living below or near the poverty level is no longer a significant problem for most older
Americans T or F

A

False

120
Q

most older drivers are capable of safely operating a motor vehicle T or F

A

True

121
Q

Older workers cannot work as effectively as younger workers T or F

A

False

122
Q

most old people are set in thier ways and unable to change T or F

A

False

123
Q

the majority of old people are bored T or F

A

False

124
Q

in general, most old people are pretty much alike T or F

A

False

125
Q

Older adults (65+) have higher rates of criminal victimization than adults under 62 do. T or F

A

false

126
Q

Older people tend to become more spiritual as they grow older. T or F

A

true

127
Q

Older adults (65+) are more fearful of crime than are persons under 65. T or F

A

False

128
Q

Older people do not adapt as well as younger age groups when they relocate to a new
environment. T or F

A

False

129
Q

Participation in volunteering through organizations (e.g., churches and clubs) tends to
decline among older adults. T or F

A

False

130
Q

Older people are much happier if they are allowed to disengage from society. T or F

A

false

131
Q

geriatrics is a speciality in american medicine

T or F

A

True

132
Q

All medical schools now require students to take a course in geriatrics T or F

A

False

133
Q

abuse of older adults is not a significant problem in the US T or F

A

False

134
Q

grandparents today take less responsibilty for rearing grandchildren than ever before T or F

A

false

135
Q

older persons take longer to recover from physical and psychological stress T or F

A

True

136
Q

most older adults consider their health to be good or excellent T or F

A

True

137
Q

older females exhibit better health care practices than older males T or F

A

true

138
Q

research has shown that old age truly begins at 65 T or F

A

False

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