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biology > Nervous & Endocrine & Sense Organs > Flashcards

Nervous & Endocrine & Sense Organs Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What Are the two parts of the nervous system

A
  1. Central Nervous System (CNS)

2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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2
Q

What is the Central Nervous System

A

consists of the brain and spinal cord.

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3
Q

What is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

consists of all the other nervous tissue
e.g. motor neurons, motor endplates, sensor receptors,
sensory neurons

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4
Q

Name the six parts of the brain

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Hypothalamus
  4. Pituitary gland
  5. Medulla oblongata
  6. Meninges
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5
Q

Name the function of the cerebrum

A

consciousness, intelligence, memory
language.

It’s outer layer consists of grey matter And the inner part consists of white matter

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6
Q

Name the function of the Cerebellum

A

Muscle co-ordination and balance

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7
Q

Name the function of the Hypothalamus

A

controls homeostatic
responses such as temperature and
osmoregulation

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8
Q

Name the function of the Pituitary gland

A

Master endocrine gland that Secretes many hormones

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9
Q

Name the function of the medulla oblongata

A

Regulates heart and breathing rates

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10
Q

Name the function of the meninges

A

Three protective membranes surrounding

the brain and spinal cord

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11
Q

What is a neuron

A

nerve cell specialised to generate and transmit nerve impulses

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12
Q

Neuron diagram labels

A
  1. Dendrites
  2. Cell body
  3. Myelin sheath
  4. Axon
  5. Schwann cell
  6. Axon
  7. Presynaptic knobs
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13
Q

What is the function of the cell body

A

o makes neurotransmitters
o Generates impulses
o Cell body of motor neuron lies inside CNS
o Cell body of sensory neuron lies in dorsal root ganglion

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14
Q

What is the function of the dendrites

A

Branched extensions of cell body, collect impulses from many neurons

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15
Q

What is the function of the Axon

A

Carries impulses away from cell body

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16
Q

What is the function of the Myelin sheath

A

Insulates axon, speeds up impulse

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17
Q

What is the function of the Schwann cell

A

Produces myelin sheath, speeds up transmission of impulse

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18
Q

What is the function of the Neurotransmitter Vesicles

A
  • they are Bags of neurotransmitter
    o Found in pre-synaptic knob
    o Neurotransmitters carry impulse across the synapse
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19
Q

Name and describe the three neuron types

A
  1. Sensory Neuron
     Carries impulse from receptors to CNS
  2. Interneuron
     Links sensory neuron to motor neurons
     Only found in the grey matter
     Forms part of Reflex Arc
  3. Motor Neuron
     Carries impulse from CNS to Effector [muscles or glands]
20
Q

What is threshold

A

the minimum level of a stimulus above which the neuron will fire

21
Q

What is the All-or-nothing law

A

there is either an impulse or no impulse

22
Q

What is the intensity of an impulse

A

It is measured by frequency of impulses

23
Q

What is a synapse

A

Connection between two nerve cells or nerve cell and target cell

24
Q

Describe the process of transmitting an impulse

A
  1. Impulse arrives
  2. Synaptic vesicles release
    neurotransmitter
  3. Diffuses across synapse
  4. Neurotransmitter attaches to receptor
  5. Triggers impulse in post-synaptic
    membrane
  6. Neurotransmitter deactivated by
    enzyme
  7. Neurotransmitter broken down and returns to presynaptic knob to be reassembled
    and repackaged
25
Q

What is a reflex arc

A

Automatic response to stimulus not involving brain Eg: pulling away from a hot object

26
Q

What is the mechanism of reflex action

A

a) Sensory receptor detects stimulus,
b) Impulse along sensory neuron,
c) Across interneuron,
d) Straight out through motor neuron,
e) Effector responds,
f) Brain not involved
g) Minimises injury

27
Q

What is grey matter

A
  1. Consists mainly of cell bodies

2. Is located in the centre of the spinal cord and on the outside of the brain

28
Q

What is white matter

A

 Consists mainly of

 Is located in the outside of the spinal cord and on the inside of the brain

29
Q

Parkinson’s syndrome

A

Symptoms: shuffling walk and shaking uncontrolably
Cause: Lack of Dopamine,
Prevention: None
Treatment: Levodopa.

30
Q

Ear diagram labels and their functions

A

 Pinna: collects sound waves and directs it into
external auditory canal
 Eardrum: vibrates with sound waves
 Ossicles: hammer, anvil and stirrup amplify
vibrations
 Cochlea: converts vibrations to nervous impulses
 Auditory Nerve: carries (electrical) impulse to brain
 Eustachian Tube: connects middle ear to pharynx to equalize pressure in middle ear
 Semi-circular Canals: give information about
movement and orientation in three planes
 Vestibular Nerve: carries information about movement and orientation to the brain

31
Q

Name a hearing defect, its cause, and its treatment

A

Defect: Otitis media (Glue ear)
Cause: Fluid in middle ear (reduces hearing)
Treatment: Grommets

32
Q

How does light affect the pupil

A

In bring light the pupil constricts and in dim light it is dilated

33
Q

What are rods and cones in the retina

A
  • Rods: black and white, only work in dim light

* Cones: see colour mainly around fovea only work in bright light

34
Q

Eye labels and their functions (14)

A
  1. Retina: light sensitive cells( cones and rods )
  2. Blind spot: where optic nerve leaves eye
  3. Fovea: sharpest vision
  4. Choroid: prevents internal reflection
  5. Sclera: protects and maintains eye shape
  6. Ciliary body: adjusts lens shape
  7. Suspensory ligament: holds lens in place
  8. Iris: colored part of the eye
  9. Lens: fine focuses light
  10. Pupil: lets light in and controls how much light enters the eye
  11. Cornea: focuses light
  12. Optic nerve: carries information to the brain
  13. Aqueous humour: maintains shape of the eye
  14. Vitreous humour: maintains shape of the eye ( the inside)
35
Q

Name and explain two sight faults

A 
1. Long Sight
 Can see far objects clearly but near
object blurred
 Light focused behind retina
 Correction convex lens
2. Short Sight
 Can see close objects clearly but far
objects blurred
 Light focused in front of retina
 Correction concave lens
36
Q

What is responsible for the sense of smell

A

Olfactory mucus membrane on top of nasal cavity. It is Full of chemoreceptors.

37
Q

Skin diagram labels

A
  1. Sweat gland: produces sweat
  2. Sebaceous gland: produces oil to moisturizes skin and hair
  3. Hair
  4. Nerves (sensory receptors): feels touch, hot, cold, pain etc
  5. Erector muscle: causes piloerection
  6. Layer of fat: insulates heat
38
Q

What are the different tastes

A

Salty
Sweet
Bitter
Sour

39
Q

What is an endocrine gland

A

secretes its products directly into the

blood stream

40
Q

What is an exocrine gland

A

What is an endocrine gland

41
Q

What is a hormone

A

Chemical messenger produced in endocrine gland and transported in blood stimulating target tissue to change its activity

42
Q

Compare hormonal action and nervous action

A

Nervous:

  1. Fast acting
  2. Short lived
  3. Electrical

Hormonal:

  1. Slow acting
  2. Long lived
  3. Chemical
43
Q

Name different glands in the body, the hormone they secrete, and the function of that hormone

A
  1. Pineal: Melatonin ( Induces relaxation)
  2. Hypothalamus: GHRH or growth hormone regulating hormone (Stimulates pituitary to release growth hormone)
  3. Pituitary: prolactin (Stimulates milk formation in mammary glands)
  4. Thyroid: Thyroxine ( increases metabolic rate )
  5. Thymus: thymosin (Stimulates the maturation of T cells)
  6. Adrenal: adrenaline (Increases pulse and breathing rate)
  7. Pancreas Islets of Langerhans: insulin (Stimulates the uptake of glucose from blood)
  8. Ovary: oestrogen ( Development of secondary sexual characteristics, formation of Graffian Follicle)
  9. Testis: testosterone (Development of secondary sexual characteristics, sperm production)
44
Q

Thyroxine disorders

A

Deficiency Symptoms

a) Children cretinism
b) Adult low metabolic rate and weight gain

Excess Symptoms – high metabolic rate and weight loss

Corrective Measures

a) Deficiency: give thyroxine
b) Excess: surgically removal of some or all of thyroid

45
Q

Give two examples of hormonal supplements

A
  1. Insulin: to control blood sugar levels for diabetics

2. Oxytocin: to induce and speed up labour in maternity hospitals

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