Food & Biomolecules Flashcards

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1
Q

food

A

is the source of materials required by an organism to provide the energy to live, grow and reproduce.

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2
Q

Types of nutrition

A

Autotrophs = organisms that make their own food

Heterotrophs obtain their food by consuming organic material made by other organisms

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3
Q

Chemical Composition ( trace elements )

A

Iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) needed in very small quantity

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4
Q

Chemical Composition ( macronutrients)

A

• Carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), Phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) needed in large quantities

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5
Q

Chemical Composition ( micronutrients)

A

• Sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), chlorine (Cl), potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) smaller quantities

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6
Q

Biomolecules

A

complex organic molecules

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7
Q

Types of autotrophs

A

photosynthetic

chemosynthetic

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8
Q

Carbohydrates ( composition , ratio, groups, sources , functions )

A

consists of only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen 2H: 1O
Cx(H2O)y
1. Monosaccharides: These are made up of single sugar units e.g. glucose,
2. Disaccharides: are made up of groups of two sugar units joined together e.g. sucrose
3. Polysaccharides: these are macromolecules made up of many sugar units e.g. starch in plants, glycogen in animals
source = bread, potato, rice
Functions: quickly available energy
fiber to prevent constipation and bowel cancer
Storage Glycogen in animals (stored in the liver) and Starch in plants
Structural e.g. Cellulose in plant cell walls

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9
Q

lipids ( fats, oils , composition , phospholipids , sources, functions )

A

a) Fats are solids at room temperature
b) Oils are liquids at room temperature
C, H and O, but H and O not in 2:1 ratio
Each unit is triglycerides which consists of glycerol and three fatty acids
Phospholipids make up (cell) membranes
Sources in the diet are butter, vegetable oil, cheese Functions: a) Source of energy
b) Storage of energy
c) Structural e.g. Phospholipids make up cell membranes
d) Protection
e) Heat insulation

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10
Q

saturated fats

A

found in animals and are rich in cholesterol which is responsible for clogging arteries

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11
Q

Unsaturated fats

A

found in plants and are less damaging to health

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12
Q

Proteins ( composition, sources, functions )

A

Composition: Consist of C, H, O, and N and many also contain S.
Basic units are amino acids
Long chains of amino acids joined to each other by peptide bonds
they are folded into complex shapes which gives them their properties
Sources meat, fish, egg white
Functions:
a) Structural e.g. myosin in muscle, keratin in hair (Fibrous)
b) Physiological e.g. enzymes are biological catalysts (Globular)

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13
Q

vitamins ( fat soluble and water soluble sources, functions and deficiency )

A
  • Vitamin D is fat-soluble and stored in the liver
  • Vitamin C is water-soluble

Vitamin D is found in dairy products Formed by skin in sunlight
Vitamin C is found in citrus fruits and green vegetables

Vitamin D is involved in the absorption of Ca in gut
Vitamin C is involved in the formation of skin and blood vessels
Deficiency disease
1. Lack of Vitamin D causes rickets (soft bones and thus bow legs)
2. Lack of Vitamin C causes scurvy (bleeding gums)

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14
Q

Deficiency disease

A

disease caused by the lack of a particular vitamin

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15
Q

1) Anabolic

A

These use energy to build up more complex molecules

e.g. photosynthesis and protein synthesis

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16
Q

2) catabolic

A

These break down complex molecules into simpler molecules and release energy in the process e.g. respiration and digestion.

17
Q

Structural Role of Biomolecules

carbohydrates , protein , lipid

A

a) Carbohydrates: e.g. cellulose as a component of plant cell walls
b) Protein: e.g. fibrous proteins such as keratin in hair and skin, as well as myosin in muscles
c) Lipid: e.g. phospholipids form cell membranes,

18
Q

Metabolic Role of Biomolecules
( carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, hormones, vitamins )
minerals in plants and animals

A

Carbohydrates: are primary sources of energy
Lipids: are also primary sources of energy
Proteins ; Enzymes act as biological catalysts.
Hormones act as regulators of metabolic activity.
Vitamins ; required for tissue growth, cell production and health maintenance
Minerals ;
1) Calcium formation of the middle lamella sticks plant cells together
2) Magnesium formation of chlorophyll in photosynthesis
1) Calcium is involved in the formation of teeth and bones
2) Iron is involved in the formation of hemoglobin

19
Q

Hormones

A

secreted by endocrine [ductless] glands

regulate metabolic activity

20
Q

Importance of Water

A

1) Component of Cytoplasm
2) Solvent
3) Transport Medium
4) High Heat Capacity
5) Controls Cell Shape

21
Q

Food Tests

A

qualitative i.e. they tell you if the food type is present or not.
not quantitative i.e. they do not tell you how much of the food type is present

22
Q

1) Starch

A

potato
drop brown iodine solution
starch is present it will turn blue-black
control for this experiment would be to drop iodine solution onto a white tile.
starch is not present it will remain brown

23
Q

2) Reducing Sugars e.g. glucose in soft drinks

A

•In this test you mix the soft drink with water in a test tube
•Add Benedict’s solution
• heat the mixture by placing the test tube in a hot water bath.
Do not to boil the solution.
•If reducing sugar is present it will turn from blue to brick red.
control for this experiment add Benedict’s solution to water and heat it in a water bath.
Since reducing sugar is not present it will remain blue.

24
Q

Proteins e.g. egg white

A
  • In this test you mix the egg white with water in a test tube
  • You then add some Biuret Solution and mix.
  • If protein is present the solution will turn from blue to violet.
  • A control for this experiment would be to add Biuret solution to water.
  • Since protein is not present it will remain blue.
25
Q

4) Lipids e.g. butter

A
  • In this test you rub the butter onto a piece of brown paper.
  • If fat is present it will produce a permanent translucent stain.
  • A control would be to rub water onto a piece of brown paper.
  • Since fat is not present it will produce a temporary translucent stain which will disappear as it dries.
26
Q

photosynthetic

A

Photosynthetic organisms make food using light energy

6 CO2 + 6 H2O = C6H12O6 + 6 O2

27
Q

chemosynthetic

A
  1. Chemosynthetic organisms make their food using chemical energy
28
Q

The 5 types of heterotrophs

A
  1. Herbivores eat plant material
  2. Carnivores eat other animals
  3. Omnivores eat both plants and animals
  4. Detritus feeders animals that eat dead and decaying plants and animals
  5. Decomposers break down the remains of dead plants and animals