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biology > Microscope / Cell structure - function - division > Flashcards

Microscope / Cell structure - function - division Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the two types of microscope

A
  1. light microscope
  2. electron microscope ( two types )
    transmission electron microscope
    scanning electron microscope
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2
Q

Using a Microscope

A
  1. Place the slide on the stage and secure it with the clips
  2. Switch on the light
  3. Use low power
  4. Focus using the coarse knob
  5. Focus using fine focus knob
  6. Repeat using the high power and objective fine focus only
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3
Q

Magnifying Power

A

High power = Eyepiece * Objective = 10 * 40 = 400

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4
Q

plant cell

A 
middle lamella 
cell wall
cytosplasm
ribosome
permanent sap vacule
cell membrane
nucleus 
mitochondria 
chloroplast
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5
Q

animal cell

A 
cell membrane 
nucleus 
cytoplasm
temporary vacuoles
mitochondria
ribosome
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6
Q

Cell Wall

A

only in plant cells; made of cellulose this supports cell, gives it shape and prevents it bursting

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7
Q

Cell Membrane

A

selectively permeable i.e. only allows certain substances through

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8
Q

Mitochondrion

A

produces energy in the form of ATP using aerobic respiration

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9
Q

chloroplast

A

only found in plant cells. This is where photosynthesis occurs.

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10
Q

nucleus

A

control all of the cell’s activities

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11
Q

Nucleolus

A

makes the components of ribosomes.

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12
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

allow mRNA to leave the nucleus.

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13
Q

ribosome

A

make proteins by joining large

numbers of amino acids together

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14
Q

DNA

A

stores the information needed to make proteins

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15
Q

vacule

A

A large permanent vacuole only found in plant cells. It stores food, water and waste products

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16
Q

Protoplasm

A

all of cell, including the cell membrane except the large vacuole in plant cells

17
Q

cytosol

A

cytoplasm minus the organelles.

18
Q

cytoplasm

A

contains living material outside the nucleous

site of fermentation and glycolysis

19
Q

Prepare and Examine an Animal Cell (Cheek Cell)

A 
A. prepare a slide
rub a wooden spatula inside your cheek
transfer it to a slide
add a drop of water
place cover slip at an angle and lower it onto the slide to prevent air bubbles being trapped
add drop of methylene blue stain
draw stain using tissue paper
stain deepens colour of the structure easier to see

B. examine the slide
place the slide on the stage
switch on the light
examine at low power and focus using the coarse focus knob
Examine at medium and high power but only use the fine focus

20
Q

Prepare and Examine a Plant Cell (Onion Cell)

A

A. prepare a slide

  1. Cut onion in half, remove a layer and peel off thin skin of cells
  2. Cut a small square of this skin and place on a clean microscope slide using a paintbrush
  3. Add a drop of water
  4. Place cover slip at an angle and lower onto slide to prevent air bubbles
  5. Add a drop of iodine stain at one side of cover slip
  6. Draw stain through using tissue paper at other side
  7. Note stain deepens the colour of structures and makes them easier to see

B. examine a slide

  1. Place the slide on the stage and clip in place
  2. Switch on the light
  3. Examine at low power and focus using the coarse focus knob
  4. Examine at medium and high power but use the fine focus only
21
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

No nuclear membrane
No membrane-bound structures
e.g bacteria

22
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Have a nuclear membrane
Have membrane bound organelles
eg. amoeba

23
Q

Cell

A

basic unit from which all living things are built and is the smallest entity that has all the
characteristics of life.

24
Q

Tissue

A

group of similar cells with a common function

25
Q

Tissue Culture and its uses

A

Growth of cells in a sterile nutrient medium outside the organism

uses including

1) Growing skin epidermis for grafting
2) Cancer research
3) Micropropagation of plants

26
Q

Organ

A

Group of different tissues working together to carry out a particular function

27
Q

Organ System

A

Group of organs working together to carry out a particular function

28
Q

Cell Continuity

A

all new cells are made by the division of existing living cells.

29
Q

Chromosome

A

thread-like structure made of DNA and protein,

containing genetic information (genes) which passed from one generation to the next

30
Q
  • Diploid

* Diploid number

A

a cell containing two sets of chromosomes
number of chromosomes in a diploid nucleus
e.g. humans 2n = 46 made up of 23 pairs

31
Q

haploid

haploid number

A

a cell containing one set of chromosomes

the number of chromosomes in a haploid nucleus e.g. humans n = 23

32
Q

Cancer

possible causes

A

a group of disorders in which body loses control of the normal regulation of mitosis
radiation
carcinogenic chemicals
viruses

33
Q

mitosis

A

the division of a nucleus to form two nuclei genetically identical to the original and thus to each other

  1. Maintains chromosome number
  2. Two identical daughter cells
34
Q

Functions of Mitosis

A
  1. In Single-celled organisms its function is reproduction.

2. In Multicellular organisms its function is growth and repair

35
Q

Stages of Mitosis

- I Party Monday And Tuesday

A

Interphase (not part of mitosis)
cell spends almost all of its time in this stage
1. The chromosomes are spread out and cannot be seen as discrete structures
2. The cell grows and synthesises (makes) proteins
3. Cell organelles, mitochondria, chloroplasts etc. replicate,
and the DNA also replicates

Prophase

  1. The Chromatin condenses into double stranded chromosomes
  2. The Nuclear membrane starts to break down
  3. The Centrioles begin to move to opposite poles and spindle fibres start to form

metaphase

  1. Chromosome arranged on equatorial plate
  2. Spindle fibres attached to centromeres
  3. No nuclear membrane

anaphase

  1. Spindle fibres contract
  2. Pull chromosomes (sister chromatids) apart at centromeres
  3. One copy of each chromosome goes to each pole

telophase

  1. Two identical groups of chromosomes at either pole of cell
  2. New nuclear membranes form
  3. Chromosomes uncoil to chromatin
36
Q

Cytokinesis (not really part of mitosis)

A
  1. In Animal cells the cytoplasm divides between two nuclei (cleavage furrow) and new cell membranes form
  2. In Plant cells a cell plate forms and this becomes a cell wall between the two nuclei
37
Q

meiosis

A

division of a diploid nucleus producing four haploid genetically different nuclei

38
Q

functions of meiosis

A
  1. Gamete Formation: Production of haploid sperm and egg cells in humans
  2. Pollen Grain Formation: In flowering plants
39
Q

end results of Mitosis and Meiosis

A

Mitosis
2 cells
Genetically identical
Same number of chromosomes as parent cell

Meiosis
4 cells
All genetically different
Half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell

biology (17 decks)

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