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Animal Biology 2 > Nervous and Sensory System > Flashcards

Nervous and Sensory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system? (5)

A
  • body movement
  • gland secretions
  • information on external and internal changes in/outside the body
  • state of consciousness
  • stimulate thirst/hunger/rage/etc
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2
Q

What does the nervous system consist of?

A

large collection of nerves

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3
Q

What is a nerve?

A

a bundle of nerve cells (fibers or axons) that transmit signals

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4
Q

What does the nerve cell consist of? (5)

A
  • Cell body
  • dendrite (receiver)
  • axon (outgoing)
  • myelin sheath (insulation->speed, signal would take a long time without helper because nerves can be very long)
  • synapse (contact point with other cell)
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5
Q

How does the transmission of signals work within the nerve cell?

A
  • action potentials (wave of electric pulses) travel along axons
  • possible because each neutron has a charged cellular membrane, and the charge of this membrane can change in response to neurotransmitter molecules released from other neurons and environmental stimuli
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6
Q

How does the transmission of signals work between two nerve cells?

A

Neurotransmitters (Acetylcholine, Adrenaline, Dopamine, Serotonin)

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7
Q

What is the correlation between Neurotransmitters and hormones?

A

Some neurotransmitters are also hormones, hormones go to the blood stream and work in the whole body, neurotransmitters only work in a specific area

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8
Q

Action potentials

A

a brief depolarization along the neuron’s axon

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9
Q

Depolarization

A

Na+ goes in neuron

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10
Q

Repolarization or hyperpolarization

A

K+ goes out

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11
Q

What does the nervous system consist of?

A
  • Central nervous system “CNS” (brain, spinal cord)
  • Peripheral nervous system “PNS” (sensory nerves, motor nerves)
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12
Q

Brain stem

A
  • basic motor functions
  • breathing and cardiovascular system
  • balance
  • walking
  • sleeping
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13
Q

Cerebellum (small brain)

A

fine coordinated movements

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14
Q

Midbrain

A

connects input from the senses to movement

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15
Q

Cortex

A
  • memory
  • advanced cognitive functions
  • perception
  • personality
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16
Q

Hypothalamus

A

links nervous to endocrine system

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17
Q

Spinal cord
what is coordinated here? what does it consist of?

A
  • link between brain and body
  • reflexes are coordinated here
  • in white matter: exons
  • in grey matter: cell bodies
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18
Q

Reflexes

A

happen without the brain doing anything, signals travel to the spinal cord and directly to the muscle, afferent and efferent neutrons

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19
Q

Afferent neutron

A

Goes into the central nervous system when a reflex happens

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20
Q

Efferent neutron

A

Goes out of the central nervous system when a reflex happens

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21
Q

What is the central nervous system protected by? (4)

A

Skull/vertebrae, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, blood brain carrier

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22
Q

Sensory nerves

A

Are afferent, get signals from external and internal senses and proprioceptors

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23
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Signals about limb position and motion in muscles, tendons, and joints, sensory nerves

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24
Q

Motor nerves

A

are efferent, can be divided into somatic and autonomic

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25
Q

Somatic motor nerves

A

voluntary, skeletal muscles

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26
Q

Autonomic motor nerves

A

involuntary, organs, smooth muscle, can be divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic

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27
Q

Sympathetic autonomic motor nerves

A

mobilization (related to activity), adrenaline is important neurotransmitter here

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28
Q

Parasympathetic autonomic moter nerves
what is the important neurotransmitter?

A
  • relaxation
  • rest and digest
  • Acetylcholine is important neurotransmitter here
29
Q

The five external sense

A

vision, smell, taste, hearing, touching

30
Q

Cornea (eye)

A

focusing light

31
Q

Sclera (eye)

A

white of eye, protection, can be checked for health

32
Q

Aqueous humour (eye)

A

watery fluid, in anterior and posterior chamber, nutrition

33
Q

Pupil, iris

A

regulation of light comes in

34
Q

Lens

A

further focusing of light

35
Q

Vitrous humor

A

gel in pink behind lens

36
Q

Retina (eye)

A

light sensitive cells, Rods and Cones

37
Q

Retina Rods

A

low-light contrast

38
Q

Retina Cones

A

color (depends on number of cones how much color we can see)

39
Q

Optic nerve (eye)

A

send signals to the brain

40
Q

Third eyelid

A

protection and cleaning

41
Q

Field of vision of a cow

A

almost 360° vision, monocular and binocular

42
Q

Monocular vision

A

area that can only be seen with one eye

43
Q

Binocular vision

A

Only in the front where animal can see with both eyes

44
Q

Ear ossicles

A

Hammer, anvil, stirrup, transmission of sound waves to cochlea

45
Q

Cochlea

A

fluid filled tube with tiny hairs, movement of hairs = sound

46
Q

Vestibular organ

A

senses rotation and acceleration, balance

47
Q

Hearing frequency of a horse

A

60-33.500 Hz

48
Q

Hearing frequency of a cow

A

16-40.000 Hz

49
Q

Odors

A

chemicals, bind to receptors in nasal epithelium

50
Q

Flehmen

A
  • detection of pheromones (substances for inter-species communication)
  • vomeronasal or Jacobson’s organ
  • facilitates the transfer of scents and pheromones into the vomeronasal organ above the roof of the mouth via a duct
  • performed when the animal investigates a source of scent of particular interest
51
Q

sense of taste
what happens?

A

flavors bind to taste receptors in the oral cavity and on the tounge

52
Q

the five tastes

A

sweet, savoury, salty, sour, bitter

53
Q

skin receptors (5)

A

touch, pain, temperature, electricity, superficial proprioceptors

54
Q

resting potential

A

the membrane potential in a neuron that is not currently transmitting a signal

55
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that communicate between adjacent (benachbart) neurons, release of neurotransmitters from one neuron will either help or depolarize or hyperpolarize the neuron

56
Q

voluntary actions

A
  • under control of one’s will
  • under control of the brain
  • motor nerves and effector organs are involved
57
Q

reflexes

A
  • Spontaneous, involuntary, nerve-mediated activity
  • Unconscious level
  • Spinal cord is involved
  • Involves sensory and motor nerves and sensory and effector organs
58
Q

field of vision human

A

120°

59
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

hair cells in the inner ear that detect sound and head movement

60
Q

Where does the sound go from outside to inside? (5)

A

ear pinna -> ear canal -> ear drum -> ear ossicles -> cochlea

61
Q

olfactory sensory neurons

A
  • located in nasal epithelium
  • detect and transmit information to the central nervous system
62
Q

olfactory nerve

A
  • enables sense of smell
  • contains sensory neurons
63
Q

olfactory bulb

A
  • rounded mass of tissue that contains several types of nerve cells that are involved in the sense of smell
  • there are two olfactory bulbs on the bottom side of the brain, one above each nasal cavity
64
Q

chemoreception

A
  • the ability to perceive specific chemical stimuli
  • relies on chemicals that act as signals to regulate cell function, without the chemical necessarily being taken into the cell for metabolic purposes
65
Q

olfactory system

A

chemicals in the air dissolve in mucus -> odor receptor neurons detect odors and send signals to the olfactory bulbs -> signals are send along olfactory tracts to olfactory cortex of the brain

66
Q

tongue

A
  • mostly made of muscles
  • covered by mucosa
  • covered with different types of papillae and taste buds
67
Q

papillae

A
  • tiny, raised protrusions on the tongue that contain taste buds
  • allow us to differentiate between tastes
68
Q

four types of papillae

A

filliform, fungiform, foliate, circumvallate

Animal Biology 2 (4 decks)

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