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Animal Biology 2 > Muscoskeletal System > Flashcards

Muscoskeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are muscles?

A

Muscles are soft tissues that produce motion

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2
Q

What are the three types of muscles?

A

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of slow twitch skeletal muscles?

A

aerobic, marathon (can keep contracting for a longer time), contains myoglobin (makes it red), contains a lot of oxygen and energy, less growth in volume is possible

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4
Q

How does the ATP production in type 1 involuntary muscles work?

A

oxygen storage in myoglobin for energy production in mitochondria (myoglobin makes muscles redder), glycogen storage in mitochondria for energy production

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5
Q

Endomysium

A

wraps each muscle fiber

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6
Q

Perimysium

A

surrounds a bundle of 150 fibers

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7
Q

Epimysium

A

surrounds the entire muscle

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8
Q

Myofibrils

A

long contractile fibers, run parallel to each other, made up of thick and thin myofilaments, thick filaments = composed strands of the protein myosin, thin filaments = strands of the protein actin

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9
Q

Tendons

A
  • Connecting muscle to bone
  • Around tendons are tendon sheaths
  • Close to tendons are tendon bursae (sack filled synovial fluid which applies pressure)
  • Cord of strong, flexible tissue, similar to a rope
  • Let us move limbs
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10
Q

What is around tendons?

A

Tendon sheaths

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11
Q

What can be found close to tendons?

A

Tendon bursae

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12
Q

What is a tendon bursae?

A

A sack filled with synovial fluid which applies pressure

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13
Q

What is an inflammation of a tendon called and is it prevented?

A

An inflammation of a tendon is called tendintis, bursae and sheaths protect the tendon

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14
Q

spongy bones

A

interior layer of bones (cancellous or trabecular) make up spongy structure, lesser amount of calcium, lighter, dont break as easily

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15
Q

From what origin does a bone start growing?

A

Cartilage

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16
Q

What are bones made of?

A

60% salts, 15% collagen fibers, 25% water

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17
Q

Bone functions (5)

A

support, protection, shape, movement, storage

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18
Q

Osteoblasts

A

bone producing cells, secrete materials that make up the bone matrix, and as they secrete them some of them are eventually trapped and buried in the bone matrix

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19
Q

Osteocytes (previous osteoblasts)

A

osteoblasts that have been surrounded by the bone matrix, matrix synthesis (deposition of minerals), degradative cells that break down and reabsorb bone

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20
Q

Osteoclasts

A

bone destruction

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21
Q

Where does the bone grow into length?

A

Epiphysial plate

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22
Q

Dorsal

A

Near spine

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23
Q

Ventral

A

Near stomach

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24
Q

Cranial

A

Front, head

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25
Q

Caudal

A

Back

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26
Q

Lateral

A

towards the side of the body

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27
Q

Medial

A

towards center of the body

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28
Q

Distal

A

further from the reference point

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29
Q

What is included in the muscle contraction (3)

A

Muscle cell, Depolarization of nerve, Motor unit

30
Q

Energy supply for muscle contraction: 1. step

A

source of energy is ATP, ATP + P + energy

31
Q

Energy supply for muscle contraction: 2. step

A

Creatinine Phosphatase is making new ATP

32
Q

Energy supply for muscle contraction: 3. step

A

the Krebs cycle is making new ATP from Glucose (aerobic) metabolism

33
Q

Energy supply for muscle contraction: 4. step

A

Glucose -> lactic acid + energy (anaerobic metabolism) (muscle starts hurting because of lactic acid)

34
Q

How many kj per mole of glucose does an anaerobic metabolism give?

A

210 kj per mole of glucose

35
Q

How many kj per mole of glucose does an aerobic metabolism give?

A

2800 kj per mole of glucose

36
Q

What is the movement of the synovial joint needed for?

A

warming up, renewal of synovia, circulation of synovia

37
Q

When does bone growth stop?

A

Under the influence of hormone changes during puberty

38
Q

How does the stopping of bone growth work?

A

Growth hormone levels drop which makes the makes the length growth stop, sex hormone level rise and that makes the epiphysial plate close, as well as gives last surge of length growth

39
Q

When does the epiphysial plate in a horse close?

A

between half a year to six years of age

40
Q

How does the epiphysial plate close in a horse?

A

starting from the lower feet at six months and finally the vertebrae in the back at six to seven years

41
Q

What are the functions of the musculoskeletal system? (5)

A
  • form and stability
  • movement (locomotion)
  • protection
  • storage of minerals (Ca & P)
  • production of blood cells (hematopoiesis)
42
Q

What type of muscle are voluntary muscles?

A

skeletal muscles

43
Q

What type of muscles are involuntary muscles?

A

smooth or cardiac muscles

44
Q

characteristics of skeletal muscles

A

attached to bones, allows movement, under conscious control, look striped under microscope (striated)

45
Q

characteristics of smooth muscles

A
  • located in various internal structures including the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels
  • arranged in layered sheets that contract in waves along the length of the structure
46
Q

characteristics of cardiac muscles

A

specific to heart, heart contracts and relaxes without our conscious awareness

47
Q

What does a motor unit consist of and what does it do?

A

it consists of a neuron and the muscle cells it supplies, control skeletal muscles and are the driving force behind every movement, when a motor unit gets a signal from the brain, all of the muscle fibers in that unit contract simultaneously

48
Q

long bone

A

long, thin shape, in arms and legs

49
Q

short bone

A

squat, cubed shape bones, bones that make up wrists and ankles

50
Q

flat bone

A

flattened, broad surface, ribs, shoulder blades, breastbone, skull bone

51
Q

irregular bone

A

a shape different from the usual types, spine

52
Q

compact bone

A
  • external cortical layers of all bone tissues are heavy, hard, and have a smooth surface
  • contain yellow bone marrow
  • constitute 80% of skeletal system’s weight
53
Q

diaphysis

A
  • main portions of the long bone and provide most of their length
  • has a tubular composition with a harder outer section of hard cortical bone and a central portion with cancellous bone and bone marrow cavity
54
Q

metaphysis

A

wide portions of long bones and the region where growth occurs, growth occurs at the section of the metaphysis that is next to the growth plate, located between diaphysis and epiphysis

55
Q

epiphysis

A

rounded portions at the ends of a bone, once the growth plate has fused, the epiphysis and metaphysis are joined

56
Q

cartilage

A
  • strong
  • flexible connective tissue that protects your joints and bones
  • cartilage at the end of bones reduces friction and prevents them from rubbing together when you use your joints
  • main tissue in some parts of the body and gives it structure and shape
57
Q

endosteum

A
  • highly vascular membrane lining the marrow cavity of long bones
  • occurs in all bones
  • a thin layer
  • important in growth, repair, and remodeling of bones
58
Q

periosteum

A
  • lines the outer surface of bones
  • present in all bones except at the joints of long bones
  • a thick layer
  • consists of two layers: outermost fibrous layer and innermost cellular layer
  • nourishes compact bones and provides sites for the attachment of tendons and ligaments
59
Q

What are the three types of joints?

A

fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

60
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Connected by ligaments

61
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

surrounded by hyaline cartilage which can stretch to allow some movement

62
Q

synovial joints

A
  • Allow a wide range of movement like flexion and extension of various body parts like an arm, a finger, or a toe
  • Synovial joints have a joint capsule which has an outer fibrous capsule, and an inner synovial membrane filed with synovial fluid
  • Movement needed for: warming up, renewal of synovia, circulation of synovia
63
Q

synovia

A

a thick fluid with an egg white like consistency that lubricates and reduces friction between joints

64
Q

ligaments

A
  • Bands of tissue that help connect bones, joints and organs and hold them in place
  • Stabilize muscles and bones
65
Q

collagen

A
  • Structural protein that makes up the structure or framework of your cells and tissues
  • Found in connective tissue, skin, tendons, bones, and cartilage
  • plays important roles in cellular processes including tissue repair, immune response, cellular communication, cellular migration
66
Q

fibroblasts

A
  • Connective tissue cells
  • Produce and maintain collagen
67
Q

flexion

A
  • action that brings the two bones together
  • decreasing of agle between bones
68
Q

extension

A

increases the angle between two bones

69
Q

adduction

A

motion of the anatomical structure towards the midline

70
Q

abduction

A

motion of an anatomical structure away from the midline

71
Q

agonist

A

agonist is a drug that binds to the receptor, producing a similar response to the intended chemical and receptor

72
Q

antagonist

A

a drug that binds to the receptor either on the primary site, or on another site, which all together stops the receptor from producing a response

Animal Biology 2 (4 decks)

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