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Animal Biology 2 > Integument and Defense System > Flashcards

Integument and Defense System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three layer of the skin from outside to inside?

A

Epidermis, Dermis and Hypodermis

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2
Q

Epidermis
Against what does it protect?

A
  • Thin and tough outer layer
  • Produced by epidermal cells
  • Keratin layer
  • Protection against substances, pathogens, injury, cold, and sunlight
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3
Q

Dermis
what is it and what does it contain?

A
  • Thick fibrous layer (connective tissue layer)
  • Mostly collagen (flexibility and strength)
  • Contains nerve endings, sweat and oil glands, hair follicles, and blood vessels
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4
Q

Hypodermis
what does it contain? what is it for?

A
  • Loose layer
  • Contains mostly fat
  • Insulation, protection, energy storage
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5
Q

Main functions of the skin (5)

A
  • Protective barrier
  • Regulation of body temperature (blood supply and sweating)
  • Regulation of water balance
  • Sense organ: touch, temperature, pain
  • Role in vitamin D synthesis
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6
Q

What is vitamin D synthesis important for?

A
  • calcium uptake and appropriate clacium level in the blood
  • calcium is important for strength of bones and contraction of muscles
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7
Q

corium

A

skin that produces the hoof capsule

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8
Q

coronary band

A
  • provide hoof growth
  • nutritional source for bulk of hoof wall
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9
Q

wall horn

A
  • equivalent to fingernails
  • strongest horn and crucial for weight bearing
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10
Q

sole horn

A
  • horn underneath the hoof
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11
Q

digital fat cushion

A

important in the absorption of shock through the transfer of blood via its venous

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12
Q

inerdigital space

A
  • space between the hooves in cows
  • can get infected easily
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13
Q

white line

A
  • junction between wall horn and sole horn
  • made of weaker horn
  • place where nails get placed in
  • not sensitive because no nerve endings
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14
Q

frog

A

equivalent to foot pad on dogs or cats

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15
Q

laminae

A

connects hoof wall to the pedal bone

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16
Q

pedal bone

A
  • provides strength and stability
  • acting as framework
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17
Q

navicular bone

A

prevents over-articulation of the pedal

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18
Q

How much does a hoof grow in a month and year?

A

approximately 1cm a month, therefore the horse grows a new hoof every year

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19
Q

what is important for good functioning hooves?

A

a good blood supply, not enough blood supply -> the hoof would grow less

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20
Q

functions of hooves and claw (4)

A
  • covering of feet
  • shock absorption and propulsion
  • weight distribution
  • circulation of blood back to the heart
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21
Q

symptoms of hoof inflammation (4)

A
  • pain
  • redness
  • heat swelling
  • loss of function
22
Q

what does the defense system do?

A

protect the body from damage from the outside world (e.g., diseases due to pathogens)

23
Q

what are the three lines of defense?

A
  1. barriers (skin, mucus membranes)
  2. innate immune system (non-specific)
  3. aquired/adaptive immune system (specific)
24
Q

Barriers - skin
what does it do

A

keeps pathogens out

25
Q

barriers - mucus membranes

A
  • keep pathogens out
  • secretion of mucus with antibacterial enzymes
  • cilia (hairs) on mucus membranes transport mucus with microbes to the outside
  • stomach fluids kill bacteria
26
Q

innate immune system (non-specific)

A
  • leucocytes, phagocytes
  • fever and inflammation -> mast cells produce histamine which will take care of the pain
27
Q

aquired/adaptive immune system - cell mediated immunity

A

T- lymphocytes destruct specific virus-invaded cells and cancer cells

28
Q

aquired/adaptive immune system - humoral immunity

A

B-lymphocytes transform into plasma cells and start antibodies

29
Q

leucocytes

A

white blood cells that attack and kill pathogens in the innate immune system

30
Q

helper T-cells

A

stimulate B-cells to make antibodies and help killer cells develop

31
Q

killer T-cells

A

directly kill cells that have been infected by a foreign invader

32
Q

B-cells

A

produce antibodies to fight bacteria and viruses

33
Q

monocytes

A

bone marrow derived leucocytes with the ability to recognize “danger signals”

34
Q

macrophages

A
  • specialized cells involved in detection, phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria and other harmful organisms
  • act as first responders to infection
35
Q

granulocytes

A
  • rely on inflammatory signals to recruit them to the site of injury or infection
  • innate immune cells that release immunostimulatory molecules to fight off infections
36
Q

lysosome

A

important in destruction of particles or pathogen

37
Q

inflammation

A
  • Red, warm, swollen, pain, loss of function
  • Leucocytes are attracted and healing starts
  • General reaction
  • Can be seen anywhere in the body
  • Caused by trauma
  • Physical injuries
  • Heat/cold
  • UV light
  • Microorganisms (entering of microorganisms into the body in an infection)
38
Q

fever

A
  • Slows down microbial production
  • Enhances the body’s fighting abilities
  • Spread of inflammation can lead to fever, goal is to treat inflammation locally
39
Q

antigen

A
  • Anything that can cause immune response, e.g., molecule on outside of pathogen
  • Adaptive immunity processes are triggered by antigens
40
Q

antibodies

A
  • are specific for a certain pathogen
  • “tag” certain cells for destruction (activation of phagocytosis, activation of NK cells)
  • antibodies are immune globulins
  • when you see an antibody you can often tell which kind of infection there is
41
Q

antibodies are immune globulins - what kinds are there? (5)

A

IgA
IgD
IgE
IgG
IgM

42
Q

IgA

A

in mucosa

43
Q

IgD

A

connected to resting B-cells

44
Q

IgE

A

binds to allergens and parasitic worms

45
Q

IgG

A

blood based and colostrum antibody

46
Q

IgM

A

on B-cells, first response

47
Q

active immunization

A
  • Injection of inactivated pathogens
  • Activation of adaptive immunity
  • Sometimes in steps:
  • First or primary vaccination
  • Secondary or booster vaccination
48
Q

passive immunity - transfer of antibodies via placenta

A
  • Depends on placenta type
  • Happens in humans, rabbits, and rodents
  • Does not happen in horses, pigs, cows, etc.
49
Q

passive immunity - transfer of antibodies via colostrum

A
  • First milk of the mother after birth contains a lot of antibodies (IgG)
  • Contains bioactive components with immune enhancing properties: immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, lysosome, lactoperoxidase, etc.
50
Q

When do young animals start to get vaccinated?

A

at around 3-4 months when the maternal immunity stops

51
Q

when do animals get vaccinated ofr the second time?

A

3-4 weeks after first vaccination

52
Q

When is the animal nicely protected after the booster vaccination?

A

2 weeks after booster vaccination

Animal Biology 2 (4 decks)

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