Nervous and hormonal control (8.1–8.7) Flashcards
How do animals increase their chances of survival?
By responding to changes in their external environment
Why do animals respond to changes in their internal environment?
To ensure they are always optimal for their metabolism.
What is a stimulus?
A change in the internal or external environment.
What are receptors?
They detect stimuli and can be cells or proteins on cell surface membranes.
What are effectors?
Cells that bring about a response to a stimulus to produce an effect. Include muscle cells.
How do receptors communicate with effectors?
Via the nervous system or the hormonal system
What are the 3 main types of neurone?
Sensory, motor, and relay.
Sensory neurones?
Transmit electrical impulses form receptors to the CNS
Motor neurones?
Transmit electrical impulses from the CNS to effectors.
Relay neurones?
Transmit electrical impulses between sensory neurones and motor neurones.
What is the basic process from a stimulus to an effector?
- Stimulus is detected by receptor cell and an electrical impulse is sent along a sensory neurone.
- When an electrical impulse reaches the end of a neurone chemicals called neurotransmitters take information across to the next neurone which sends an electrical impulse.
- CNS processes the information and sends an impulse along motor neurones to effectors.
What happens to your eyes in dim light?
- Photoreceptors in your eye detect the lack of light.
- CNS processes the information
- Radial muscles in the iris are stimulated.
- Radial muscles contract to dilate your pupils.
What happens to your eyes in bright light?
- Photoreceptors in your eye detect the bright light.
- CNS processes the information
- Circular muscles in the iris are stimulated by the motor neurones.
- Circular muscles contract to constrict your pupils.
What is a gland?
A group of cells that are specialised to secrete a useful substance, such as a hormone.
What are hormones?
Chemical messengers. Many are proteins or polypeptides. Some are steroids.
When are hormones secreted?
When a gland is stimulated by a change in concentration of a specific substance.
They can also be stimulated by electrical impulses.
How do hormones work?
Hormones diffuse directly into the blood. They diffuse out of the blood all over the body but only bind to specific receptors found on target cells.
What is the basic process of hormones? in the example of low glucose levels and the release of glucagon
- Low glucose level concentration
- Receptors on pancreas cells detect the low blood glucose concentration
- The pancreas releases the hormone glucagon into the blood
- Target cells in the liver detect glucagon and convert glycogen into glucose.
- Glucose is released into the blood, so glucose concentration increases.
Compare nervous communication with hormonal communication?
Nervous vs Hormonal
Electrical impulses vs chemicals
Faster vs slower
Localised vs widespread response
Short lived vs long lived
What is potential difference?
When there is voltage across a membrane
What is meant by receptors being specific?
They only detect one particular stimulus.
How do photoreceptors convert light into an electrical impulse?
- Light enters the eye, hits the photo receptor and is absorbed by light sensitive pigments.
- Light bleaches the pigments causing a chemical change.
- This triggers a nerve impulse along a bipolar neurone.
- Bipolar neurones connect photoreceptors to the optic nerve, which takes impulses to the brain.
What are the two types of receptor?
Rods and cones
Where are rods mostly found?
In the peripheral parts of the retina
Where are cones found?
Packed together in the fovea.
What are the 3 types of cones?
Red sensitive, green sensitive and blue sensitive.
What do rod cells give information in?
Black and white.