Nervous and Endocrine Systems Flashcards
Nervous system functions
Physically connected network of cells, tissues and organs
controls thoughts, movement and simpler life processes
sends its signals through networks of specialzed tissues
quickly controls immediate processes (heart rate, breathing)
Endocrine system functions
collections of physically disconnected organs
helps to control growth development, environmental responses
sends its signal through the bloodstream where only certain cells pick them up
Works slowly and controls long term processes (growth, aging)
5 parts of a neuron
cell body
dendrite
axon
myelin sheath
axon terminal
Cell body
Contains genetic info maintains the neuron structure and provides energy to send signal
Dendrite
Tenical things from the cell body that revices signals from other neurons or sense organs
Axon
The “tunnel” that conducts electical impuleses known as action potentials away from the cell body and to the axon terminal
Myelin sheath
Protects the axon by surrounding it with proein and lipids
Axon terminal
Where the electical signals goes to “sacs” where the electical signal gets converted to chemical signal so it can be passed on to another neroun
3 types of nerouns
sensory
interneurons
motor
Sensory nerouns
decects stimuli and transmits signals to the interneuron’s to the brain and spinal cord
INterneurons
Recives the signal from the senort nerouns and relays it to the motor nerurons
Motor nerouns
Which passes the message from the nervous system to other tissues in the body
5 different receptors
Photoreceptors
mechanorecptors
chemorecepters
thermoreceptors
pain receptors
What does Photoreceptors detects
light
What does mechanorecptors detects
pressure, movement, and tension
What does chemorecepters detects
chemicals dissolved in fluid
What does thermoreceptors detects
tempture
What does pain receptors detects
extreme heat/cold, pressure and chemicals released by damaged tissue
5 senses
Vison
hearing
smell and taste
touch(temp and pain)
how do your eyes see?
They use photorecptors on the back inside the retina
rod cells are used to detect light intensity (black and white)
Cone cells detect colour
70% of sensory recteptors are in the eye
Light enters the pupil which focues on retina with the lens, rods and cones are stimulated which sends nerve impulses alon gthe optical nerve to the brai
HOw do your hear?
Ear collects vibrations, amplafys them and converts them into nerve impules then the brain can interped them as sound
Hair cells in the inner ear contain mechonorcetpors that decet vibrations. (hair is bent wich produce action potentials)
Vibrations are amplifed by three bones in the middle ear which are turned into AP in the cochlea to the brain
how can you smell and taste?
both the nose and tounge, have chemorecptord that detect molecules dissolved in liquid
smell- airborn chemicals enter the nose then the chemotecptors in olfactory cells generate impluses which go to the brain VIA olfactory nerve
TAstes- Chemicals dissolved by savlia chemrectors in taste buds generate impluses carried to crainal nerve
how can you feel?
Touch is sensed by mechorecpotrs in the skin,
upper layer = gentle touch
deeper layer = heavier pressure
tempture- sensed by thermorecpotrs (decet hot or cold)
Pain- is sensed by pain recpotors (detects chemocals relased when cells damaged
What is the fastest sense?
HEaring
the 2 types of the nervous system
central nervous system (CNS)
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
What is the CNS
Brain and spinal cord
receives signals then sends signals to PNS
only contains Internerouns
What is the CNS
Collection of nerves connecting CNS to organs systems
sensory neurons (detect stimuli and motor nerons carries the messages)
Detects stimuli for CNS to interpret and carries messages from the CNS
The three sections of the brain
Cerebrum
cerebellum
brain stem
What is the cerebrum
This part interprets signals and forms responses to be used
Cerebrum is divided into left and right, the sides control oppsite sides of the body
What is the cerebral cortex
the outor layer of the cerebrum has wrinkly appearance to fit more brain matter in the skull
What is the cerebral cortex made up of 4 what?
Frontal lope
parietal lope
occipital lope
temporal lope
Functions of the Frontal lope
personality, reasoning, abstract thinking, decision making, judgement
voluntary movement and speech
Functions of the
parietal lope
sense of touch (pain) spatial perception and the representaion of numbers
Functions of the
occipital lope
vison
Functions of the
temporal lope
hearing, speech interpeation, and storing autograpical memories
7 subcortial strucures
cerebral cortex
corpus callosum
thalamus
hypothalamos
hippocampus
brain stem
cerebellum
what is the corpus callosum
thick band of nerves connecting left and right hemispheres, signals cross from left and right.
what is the
thalamus
Sorts info from sensory organs and pases signals to the brain and spinal cord
what is the hypothalamos
Regulating biological drives to maintain homeostatis hormones apptite, emotional and sexual urges and body temp
what is the hippocampus
Stores longterm memories and making those and passes signals to the brain and spinal cord
3 parts of the brain stem
Midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
what is the cerebellum
manges balance coordination and learning motor skills
function of midbrain
controls reflexes
function of pons
regulates bresthing, passes signals between brain and spinal cord
function of medulla oblongata
connects brain to spinal cord
cotrols life sustaininf function
(heat beat swalling vomiting, couhing
4 branches of PNS
Somatic Nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Somatic Nervous system
Regulates voluntary movement maintain movement posture and balance
Autonomic nervous system
Controls involuntary functions takes messages from hypothalmus to organs in the circlatory digestive and endocrine systems divided into two systems that balance eachother
Sympathetic nervous system
prepares the body for actions and stress fight or flight
increased blood flow to heart, lungs, and sketal muscles
parasympathetic nervous system
Lowers blood pressure and heart rate to return to hemostatis calms the body and helps to conserve energy.
What does the endocrine system do?
It helps the body grow develop and maintain homeostatis
What signals are made by the endocrine system
Hormones from different glands
Where do hormones be relased into
The blood stream
HOw does the hormone know which cell to go into
target cells
what are target cells
Target cells have a specific membrane receptor. Once the hormone touches the target cell with the correct receptor it prompts it to produce different proteins.
Two catagories of Hormones
Steroid and nonsteroid
What are steroid hormones?
They are made of cholesterol and actully enters target cells, binding to its DNA and causing it to produce diffrernt proteins
What are non-steroid hormones
made of amino acids and bind to receotors outside of the target cell. the binding sets off a chain of chemical reactions that cause the cell to produce diffrernt enzymes
8 diffrernt glands
adrenal glands
male and female gonads
pancreas
thymus
thyroid gland
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
adrenal glands
adrinine hormone
helps with metatolism, and
flight or fight
male gonads
testes produce testrone with helps with growth, and develpoment, and produces sperm
female gonads
Produces estrogen, sexual develpment funcion, egg making menstrution
pancreas
produces inslun, regulates blood sugar degstive enzymes
thymus
Produces hymosin so white blood cells can reproduce and mature
thyroid gland
Thyroxin,
meteablosim, growth in bones, develment in heart, sex
hypothalamus
Dopamine, Thyrotropin(Releasing hormone
regulating the four Fs
simulates other glands
pituitary gland
TSH (Relsasing hormone)
stimulates other glands,
growth
deveoplement
What is the hypothalamus
it is where the nervous and endocrine systems connect.
what gland does the hypothalamus affect
The ptuitary gland
How the endocrine system regulates temputure?
When the body becomes cold, thermoreceptors in the nervous system send a signal that stimulates the hypothalamus.
The hypothalamus responds to the stimulus by secreting a
releasing hormone called TRH.
TRH travels through a short blood vessel and stimulates the pituitary to release TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)
TSH travels through the bloodstream to the neck, where it stimulates the thyroid to release thyroxine, a hormone that
increases cell activity
As cells become more active, the body’s temperature increases.
Thermoreceptors signal the hypothalamus to stop release TRH
Without this, the other glands are no longer stimulated and stop
releasing the hormones one by one.
Hormonal imbalnces can impact what?
Homeostatsis and can cause severe illnesses
WHat is hypothroldism
A disease that develops when the thyriod doesnt produce enough hormones.
IN children this disease slows growth and mental develoment.
for adults include weakness, sensitivty to cold, weight gain and depression.
Where does the chem signal go through to get to another neron?
synapse
What are the chemicals called going through the synapse?
Neurotransmetters.
