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Health Science > Nervous and Endocrine Systems > Flashcards

Nervous and Endocrine Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Nervous system functions

A

Physically connected network of cells, tissues and organs

controls thoughts, movement and simpler life processes

sends its signals through networks of specialzed tissues

quickly controls immediate processes (heart rate, breathing)

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2
Q

Endocrine system functions

A

collections of physically disconnected organs

helps to control growth development, environmental responses

sends its signal through the bloodstream where only certain cells pick them up

Works slowly and controls long term processes (growth, aging)

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3
Q

5 parts of a neuron

A

cell body

dendrite

axon

myelin sheath

axon terminal

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4
Q

Cell body

A

Contains genetic info maintains the neuron structure and provides energy to send signal

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5
Q

Dendrite

A

Tenical things from the cell body that revices signals from other neurons or sense organs

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6
Q

Axon

A

The “tunnel” that conducts electical impuleses known as action potentials away from the cell body and to the axon terminal

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7
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Protects the axon by surrounding it with proein and lipids

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8
Q

Axon terminal

A

Where the electical signals goes to “sacs” where the electical signal gets converted to chemical signal so it can be passed on to another neroun

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9
Q

3 types of nerouns

A

sensory

interneurons

motor

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10
Q

Sensory nerouns

A

decects stimuli and transmits signals to the interneuron’s to the brain and spinal cord

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11
Q

INterneurons

A

Recives the signal from the senort nerouns and relays it to the motor nerurons

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12
Q

Motor nerouns

A

Which passes the message from the nervous system to other tissues in the body

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13
Q

5 different receptors

A

Photoreceptors

mechanorecptors

chemorecepters

thermoreceptors

pain receptors

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14
Q

What does Photoreceptors detects

A

light

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15
Q

What does mechanorecptors detects

A

pressure, movement, and tension

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16
Q

What does chemorecepters detects

A

chemicals dissolved in fluid

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17
Q

What does thermoreceptors detects

A

tempture

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18
Q

What does pain receptors detects

A

extreme heat/cold, pressure and chemicals released by damaged tissue

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19
Q

5 senses

A

Vison

hearing

smell and taste

touch(temp and pain)

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20
Q

how do your eyes see?

A

They use photorecptors on the back inside the retina

rod cells are used to detect light intensity (black and white)

Cone cells detect colour

70% of sensory recteptors are in the eye

Light enters the pupil which focues on retina with the lens, rods and cones are stimulated which sends nerve impulses alon gthe optical nerve to the brai

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21
Q

HOw do your hear?

A

Ear collects vibrations, amplafys them and converts them into nerve impules then the brain can interped them as sound

Hair cells in the inner ear contain mechonorcetpors that decet vibrations. (hair is bent wich produce action potentials)

Vibrations are amplifed by three bones in the middle ear which are turned into AP in the cochlea to the brain

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22
Q

how can you smell and taste?

A

both the nose and tounge, have chemorecptord that detect molecules dissolved in liquid

smell- airborn chemicals enter the nose then the chemotecptors in olfactory cells generate impluses which go to the brain VIA olfactory nerve

TAstes- Chemicals dissolved by savlia chemrectors in taste buds generate impluses carried to crainal nerve

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23
Q

how can you feel?

A

Touch is sensed by mechorecpotrs in the skin,
upper layer = gentle touch
deeper layer = heavier pressure

tempture- sensed by thermorecpotrs (decet hot or cold)

Pain- is sensed by pain recpotors (detects chemocals relased when cells damaged

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24
Q

What is the fastest sense?

A

HEaring

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25
Q

the 2 types of the nervous system

A

central nervous system (CNS)

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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26
Q

What is the CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

receives signals then sends signals to PNS

only contains Internerouns

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27
Q

What is the CNS

A

Collection of nerves connecting CNS to organs systems

sensory neurons (detect stimuli and motor nerons carries the messages)

Detects stimuli for CNS to interpret and carries messages from the CNS

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28
Q

The three sections of the brain

A

Cerebrum

cerebellum

brain stem

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29
Q

What is the cerebrum

A

This part interprets signals and forms responses to be used
Cerebrum is divided into left and right, the sides control oppsite sides of the body

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30
Q

What is the cerebral cortex

A

the outor layer of the cerebrum has wrinkly appearance to fit more brain matter in the skull

31
Q

What is the cerebral cortex made up of 4 what?

A

Frontal lope

parietal lope

occipital lope

temporal lope

32
Q

Functions of the Frontal lope

A

personality, reasoning, abstract thinking, decision making, judgement
voluntary movement and speech

33
Q

Functions of the
parietal lope

A

sense of touch (pain) spatial perception and the representaion of numbers

34
Q

Functions of the
occipital lope

A

vison

35
Q

Functions of the
temporal lope

A

hearing, speech interpeation, and storing autograpical memories

36
Q

7 subcortial strucures

A

cerebral cortex

corpus callosum

thalamus

hypothalamos

hippocampus

brain stem

cerebellum

37
Q

what is the corpus callosum

A

thick band of nerves connecting left and right hemispheres, signals cross from left and right.

38
Q

what is the
thalamus

A

Sorts info from sensory organs and pases signals to the brain and spinal cord

39
Q

what is the hypothalamos

A

Regulating biological drives to maintain homeostatis hormones apptite, emotional and sexual urges and body temp

40
Q

what is the hippocampus

A

Stores longterm memories and making those and passes signals to the brain and spinal cord

41
Q

3 parts of the brain stem

A

Midbrain

pons

medulla oblongata

42
Q

what is the cerebellum

A

manges balance coordination and learning motor skills

43
Q

function of midbrain

A

controls reflexes

44
Q

function of pons

A

regulates bresthing, passes signals between brain and spinal cord

45
Q

function of medulla oblongata

A

connects brain to spinal cord
cotrols life sustaininf function
(heat beat swalling vomiting, couhing

46
Q

4 branches of PNS

A

Somatic Nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system

47
Q

Somatic Nervous system

A

Regulates voluntary movement maintain movement posture and balance

48
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Controls involuntary functions takes messages from hypothalmus to organs in the circlatory digestive and endocrine systems divided into two systems that balance eachother

49
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

prepares the body for actions and stress fight or flight
increased blood flow to heart, lungs, and sketal muscles

50
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

Lowers blood pressure and heart rate to return to hemostatis calms the body and helps to conserve energy.

51
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

A

It helps the body grow develop and maintain homeostatis

52
Q

What signals are made by the endocrine system

A

Hormones from different glands

53
Q

Where do hormones be relased into

A

The blood stream

54
Q

HOw does the hormone know which cell to go into

A

target cells

55
Q

what are target cells

A

Target cells have a specific membrane receptor. Once the hormone touches the target cell with the correct receptor it prompts it to produce different proteins.

56
Q

Two catagories of Hormones

A

Steroid and nonsteroid

57
Q

What are steroid hormones?

A

They are made of cholesterol and actully enters target cells, binding to its DNA and causing it to produce diffrernt proteins

58
Q

What are non-steroid hormones

A

made of amino acids and bind to receotors outside of the target cell. the binding sets off a chain of chemical reactions that cause the cell to produce diffrernt enzymes

59
Q

8 diffrernt glands

A

adrenal glands

male and female gonads

pancreas

thymus

thyroid gland

hypothalamus

pituitary gland

60
Q

adrenal glands

A

adrinine hormone
helps with metatolism, and
flight or fight

61
Q

male gonads

A

testes produce testrone with helps with growth, and develpoment, and produces sperm

62
Q

female gonads

A

Produces estrogen, sexual develpment funcion, egg making menstrution

63
Q

pancreas

A

produces inslun, regulates blood sugar degstive enzymes

64
Q

thymus

A

Produces hymosin so white blood cells can reproduce and mature

65
Q

thyroid gland

A

Thyroxin,

meteablosim, growth in bones, develment in heart, sex

66
Q

hypothalamus

A

Dopamine, Thyrotropin(Releasing hormone
regulating the four Fs
simulates other glands

67
Q

pituitary gland

A

TSH (Relsasing hormone)
stimulates other glands,
growth
deveoplement

68
Q

What is the hypothalamus

A

it is where the nervous and endocrine systems connect.

69
Q

what gland does the hypothalamus affect

A

The ptuitary gland

70
Q

How the endocrine system regulates temputure?

A

When the body becomes cold, thermoreceptors in the nervous system send a signal that stimulates the hypothalamus.

The hypothalamus responds to the stimulus by secreting a
releasing hormone called TRH.

TRH travels through a short blood vessel and stimulates the pituitary to release TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)

TSH travels through the bloodstream to the neck, where it stimulates the thyroid to release thyroxine, a hormone that
increases cell activity

As cells become more active, the body’s temperature increases.
Thermoreceptors signal the hypothalamus to stop release TRH
Without this, the other glands are no longer stimulated and stop
releasing the hormones one by one.

71
Q

Hormonal imbalnces can impact what?

A

Homeostatsis and can cause severe illnesses

72
Q

WHat is hypothroldism

A

A disease that develops when the thyriod doesnt produce enough hormones.

IN children this disease slows growth and mental develoment.

for adults include weakness, sensitivty to cold, weight gain and depression.

73
Q

Where does the chem signal go through to get to another neron?

A

synapse

74
Q

What are the chemicals called going through the synapse?

A

Neurotransmetters.

Health Science (8 decks)

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