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Physiology I Block 4 > Nervous > Flashcards

Nervous Flashcards

1
Q

sympathetic nerves are very important in control of what

A

circulation and heart function

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2
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system plays a role in control of what

A

only the heart - it has a very minor role in circulation

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3
Q

arterial and venous system are regulated by part of nervous system

A

sympathetic

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4
Q

sympathetic nerves innervate all vessels except:

A

microcirculation: capillaries, precapillary sphincters, and metarterioles

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5
Q

when there is sympathetic stimulation blood vessels to what tissues will constrict more than blood vessels to heart or brain

A

kidneys, gut, spleen, skin

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6
Q

Arterial pressure =

A

CO x Total peripheral resistance

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7
Q

how do sympathetic increase HR

A

stimulate heart to increase heart rate and contractility

constrict arterioles to increase total peripheral resistance

contract large veins to decrease compliance

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8
Q

what does sympathetic do to veins

A

decrease compliance (less blood, so increased CO)

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9
Q

what do beta receptors block

A

sympathetic control to increase heart rate and contractility directly on the heart

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10
Q

what controls regulation of blood/heart

A

vasomotor center

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11
Q

what is control fo sympathetic nerves to cardiovasulcar system

A

vasomotor center

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12
Q

VMC stands for

A

vasomotor center

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13
Q

important areas of VMC

A

Vasoconstrictor region
Cardiac region
Sensory Region

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14
Q

vasoconstrictor area transmits signals continously to

A

sympathetic nerve fibers

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15
Q

where is VMC located

A

medulla oblongata

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16
Q

how often does vsoconstrictor area fire

A

constantly

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17
Q

sympathetic tone means there is

A

tonic activity

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18
Q

sympathetic nerves are constantly firing at

A

low rate

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19
Q

are sympathetic nerves constantly firing?

A

yes

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20
Q

sympathetic nerves constantly firing means that blood vessels are always

A

partially contrcited

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21
Q

what is vasomotor tone

A

sympathetic nerves constantly firing so blood vessels are always partially constricted

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22
Q

what is importance of vasomotor tone

A

causes blood pressure in other parts to be higher to push it through tissues

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23
Q

if you fire vasoconstrictor more what happens

A

vessels constrict more

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24
Q

if you fire less in vasoconstrictore what happens

A

vessels are more dialted/less constrsicted

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25
Q

where is pressure higher due tot he vasomotor tone controlled by vasoconstrictor area

A

aorta, lung arteries, small arteries, a little arterioles

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26
Q

if you give someone spinal anesthesia high enought o bloock the VMC, what do you see

A

blood pressure drop

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27
Q

if you infuse NE into person who has the VMC blocked what happens

A

blood pressure increases

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28
Q

why is there decrease in BP when you block VMC

A

blood vessels dilate b/c you can’t get the firing of VMC to cause the vasomotor tone

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29
Q

CA stands for

A

cardiac accelerator area

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30
Q

CA is what

A

sympathetic nerves to heart

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31
Q

What does CA do

A

transmits signals to regulate sympathetic nerves to heart

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32
Q

if CA increases activity what happens

A

HR increases

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33
Q

What does CI stand for

A

cardioinhibitory area

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34
Q

where is CI located

A

dorsal motor nuclei of vagus nerve - where vagus nerve starts

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35
Q

what does CI do

A

sends parasympathetic impulses to heart through vagus nerve

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36
Q

what cardiac center would increase or decrease blood vessel diameter

A

VC

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37
Q

what cardiac center would decrease rate/contractility of heart

A

CI

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38
Q

what cardiac center would increase rate/contracitily of heart

A

CA

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39
Q

what is transmitted via CA

A

NE

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40
Q

what is transmitted via CI

A

Ach

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41
Q

how do we control the cardiac center

A

there is sensory area located in nucleus tractus solitarius

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42
Q

what does NTS stand for

A

nucleus tractus solitarius

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43
Q

NTS controls

A

what happens in cardiac center

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44
Q

how does NTS control cardiac center

A

baroreceptors that are constantly monitoring blood pressure and it relays it up to NTS and the NTS tells the cardic center what to do

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45
Q

what is reflex control of circulatory function

A

the baroreceptors talk to NTS which talks to cardiac center which respnods

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46
Q

reflex is

A

bodies response to initial problem

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47
Q

what are the four negative feedback mechanisms

A
  1. Baroreceptor Reflex
  2. Chemoreceptor reflex
  3. Atrial and Pulmonary Reflex
  4. Central Nervous System Ischemic Response
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48
Q

baroreceptors, what are they

A

stretch receptors

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49
Q

where are baroreceptors located

A

walls of carotid sinus and aortic arch

50
Q

baroreceptors are sensory _____

A

afferents

51
Q

baroreceptors are ____ afferents

A

sensory

52
Q

baroreceptors use ____ to know what pressure is

A

stretch

53
Q

baroreceptors terminate where

A

NTS

54
Q

vagus nerve is a nerve

A

trunk

55
Q

vagus nerve as nerve trunk means

A

it has afferent to brain and efferent to body

56
Q

how do baroreceptors communicate to sensory areas

A

how many impulses they send up

57
Q

if BP goes from 100 to 160 what do baroreceptors do

A

the firing rate increases, they send more stimuli to sensory area and that tells brain BP is up

58
Q

if BP goes from 100 to 80 what do baroreceptors do

A

the firing rate decreases, less impulses to brain, tells brain BP is lower

59
Q

rate of firing of baroreceptors tells ____ what is goign on

A

NTS

60
Q

ultimately baroreceptors will change what to bring BP to normal

A

to the cardiac centers, b/c it will talk to NTS which will tell cardiac centers what to do

61
Q

person hit by car and hemorrhaging, decreased blood volume causes drop in BP, what is first thing that happens

A

baroreceptors sense drop in BP and firing rate decreases

62
Q

person hit by car and hemorrhaging, decreased blood volume causes drop in BP, baroreceptors fire less and then what happens

A

NTS receives signal, then it will tell cardiac centre to increase sympathetic and decrease parasympathetic
so blood vessels and veins constrict, heart increases firing rate and contractility

63
Q

increaed heart rate, what is medical term

A

tachycardia

64
Q

reflex tachycardia

A

SA node firing faster, result of baroreceptors and NTS

65
Q

what happens to blood vessels in kidney in response to hemorrhage

A

they will constrict

66
Q

what happens to blood vesels in GI tract in response to hemorrhage

A

constrict

67
Q

what happens to brain in response to hemorrage

A

no change - want blood flow to brain to stay the same

68
Q

what happens to blood vessels in skeletal muscles in response to hemorrhage

A

constrict a little

69
Q

what happens to sympathetic nerves is arterial pressure increases

A

symapthetic nerves decrease

70
Q

if you decrease sympathetic activity what happens to blood vessels

A

dilate

71
Q

if you decrease sympathetic activity what happens to heart

A

HR falls, contracts a little less strongly

72
Q

parasympathetic nerves do not innervate

A

blood vessels

73
Q

the only thing that controls the blood vessels are

A

sympathetic

74
Q

lying position and jump up quickly, you get dizzy , why?

A

when you are lying flat BP pretty level in body, when you jump up BP in upper part of body falls, so you get dizzy, less blood flow to brain

75
Q

when you change body posture what are very important

A

baroreceptors

76
Q

lying to standing decreases arterial pressure where

A

head and upper part of body

77
Q

what is baroreceptor response when person goes from lying to standing position

A

falling pressure sensed by baroreceptors and increased sympathetic discharge maintains presure

78
Q

look at graph on pg 17

A

17

79
Q

what keeps BP constant during posture chagne

A

baroreceptors

80
Q

why do we need to keep BP constant

A

so tissues get the blood they need

so you don’t pass out/get dizzy

81
Q

flow =

A

change in pressure/resistance

82
Q

role of baroreceptors in long term regulation of arterial presure?

A

doesn’t change the average BP

they don’t control long term pressure

83
Q

long term arterial pressure is determined by

A

kidneys

84
Q

kidensy determien what blood pressure is, and what keeps it that way

A

baroreceptors

85
Q

chemoreceptors where are they located

A

around arotic baroreceptors and carotid bodies

86
Q

chemoreceptors monitor changes in

A

blood levels of things like oxygen, CO2, and hydrogen ions in blood

87
Q

how do chemoreceptors send sensory afferents

A

same as baroreceptors - to VMC which then changes sympathetic activity

88
Q

chemoreceptors only sense what

A

decrease in pressure

89
Q

chemoreceptors are not stimulated unless pressure is below

A

80 mmHg

90
Q

chemoreceptors are more important in what than in monitoring pressure

A

respiratory control

91
Q

what change in O2 will chemoreceptors ense

A

decrease

92
Q

what change in CO2 will chemoreceptors sense

A

increase

93
Q

what change in pH will chemoreceptors sense

A

decrease

94
Q

baroreceptors are ___ pressure sensors

A

high

95
Q

what reflex activate the kidney

A

atrial reflex

96
Q

if blood volume increases and you stretch the atria, what happens to kidney

A

sympathetic nerves to kidney, increase in sodium and water excretion to try to lower blood volume

97
Q

CNS ischemic response is what kind of response

A

emergency pressure control system

98
Q

CNS ischemic response is

A

last ditch effort to kee psomeone alive -

99
Q

CNS ischemic response is not active untless BP is

A

below 60 mmHg

100
Q

CNS Ischemic Response is not from body it is

A

brain response

101
Q

CNS Ischemic Response response is activated in response to

A

creebral ischemia

102
Q

at some point decrease in blood flow to brain does hat to CO2

A

causes CO2 to increase in brain

103
Q

CO2 increase in brain does what

A

increases talk to vasomotor center, increases sympathetic activity, increase arterial pressure

104
Q

what is ultimate response of CNS Ischemic Response

A

sympathetic nerves firing so fast they are closed, so any blood going through heart is going to brain, blood vessels in kidney are closed, blodo vessels in gut are clsoed, you are just getting blood to heart and brain

105
Q

cushing reaction is what

A

special type of CNS Ischemic Response

106
Q

if you increase cerenospinal fluid pressure what will it do

A

causes arterial pressure to increase to try to open up vessels to get blodo flow there

107
Q

if you decrease CSF pressure, what happens to arterial pressure

A

it goes back down

108
Q

anytime there is atrial stretch, the atrial refelx will increase heart rate by stretchign SA node by stretching atria, and also:

A

Bainbridge Reflex

109
Q

what is Bainbridge Reflex

A

stretchign atria sends afferent to vasomotor center and it only activates heart, doesn’t activate blood vessels

110
Q

Bainbridge Reflex only activates

A

heart

111
Q

Bainbridge Reflex is

A

stretch of atria causes increase in HR and contractility without affecting blood vessels

112
Q

why does person who gets shocking news faint?

A

Vasovagal Syncope reflex gone bad

113
Q

Vasovagal Syncope (reflex) what is it

A

emotional stress causes person to faint

114
Q

list pathway for Vasovagal Syncope

A

cortex to hypothalamus to medulla, medulla says decrease sympathetic output and increase vagal output ,this decreases total peripheral resistance and decrease venous returna nd cardiac output, thsi decreases arterial pressure and that decreases cerebral blood flow and person loses consciousness

115
Q

arterial pressure is controlled independently of

A

local blood flow control & cardiac output control

116
Q

atrial reflex is what kind of reflex

A

volume

117
Q

what are low pressure receptors in atria and pulmonary arteries

A

atrial reflexes

118
Q

blood volume changes and what reflex

A

atrial reflex

119
Q

increase in blood volume stretch atria and activate low pressure receptors that lower pressure by

A

working at kidney

120
Q

activation of atrial reflex does what to kidney

A

enhances sodium and water excretion

Physiology I Block 4 (13 decks)

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