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Physiology I Block 4 > Cardiac Cycle > Flashcards

Cardiac Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

ventricular filling phase is

A

diastole

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2
Q

ventricular emptyin phase is

A

systole

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3
Q

right ventricle, only difference from left ventricle is

A

pressure, same volume getting pumped out

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4
Q

right ventricle pressure compared to left ventricle

A

lower

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5
Q

list blood flow through the heart

A

pg 3

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6
Q

what are the AV valves

A

Mitral valve

tricuspid valve

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7
Q

what are the semilunar valves

A

aortic valve

pulmonary valve

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8
Q

where is mitral valve

A

left side

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9
Q

where is tricuspid valve

A

right side

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10
Q

where is aortic valve

A

left

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11
Q

where is pulmonary valve

A

right

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12
Q

what is pulmonic

A

pulmonary valve

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13
Q

in humans tricuspid valve has how many leaflets

A

3

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14
Q

mitral and tricuspid valve, they are connected to

A

chordae tendinae

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15
Q

chordae tendinae are connected to

A

papillary muscles, to ventricle

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16
Q

papillary muscle - what is function

A

they dont contract valve they just stop backflow, they stop the valve from going back into the atria

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17
Q

forward pressure gradient _____ valve

A

opens

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18
Q

backward pressure gradient ____ valve

A

closes

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19
Q

opening and closing of valves is

A

passive

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20
Q

what opens and closes the valves

A

pressure

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21
Q

p wave corresponds to atrial

A

depol

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22
Q

qrs wave is ventricular

A

depol

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23
Q

right after you see p wave the atria

A

contract

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24
Q

t wave corresponds to ventricular

A

repol

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25
Q

right after t wave, pressure in ventricles

A

decreases, ventricles relax

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26
Q

diastole:

A

ventricles relaxing, filling with blood through atria

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27
Q

systole:

A

ventricles contractiong, blood ejected

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28
Q

systole has two distinct phases:

A
  1. isovolumetric contraction

2. ejection phase

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29
Q

what is normal volume in ventricles

A

about 120 ml

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30
Q

pressure in aorta is very

A

high

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31
Q

why is pressure in aorta so high

A

you don’t want blood flow back into heart, keeps valve closed

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32
Q

first thing that happens when ventricles start to contract

A

the pressure increases, AV valve closes

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33
Q

closure of AV valve begins

A

systole

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34
Q

isovolumetric contraction means

A

no change in volume, but they are contracting

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35
Q

ejection phase is the point where

A

ventricular pressure becomes greater than aortic pressure, so the aortic valve opens and blood is ejected into aorta

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36
Q

name the 4 steps in ejectino phase

A

1 Aortic valve opens
2 Blood rapidly ejected into aorta
3 Aortic Pressure increases
4 Ventricular volume decreases

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37
Q

does the ventricle empty completely

A

no

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38
Q

what are the two phases of diastole

A

isovolumetric relaxation

ventricular filling

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39
Q

what happens to pressure in ventricle in diastole

A

it is lower than that of atria

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40
Q

what happens to valves during diastole

A

semilunar valves close and the pressure in atria is greater, (pressure in ventricles falls)

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41
Q

diastole starts when what valves close

A

semilunar

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42
Q

diastole: isovolumeric:

A

relaxation and filling

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43
Q

name the three parts of isovolumeric relaxation

A

Rapid decrease in ventricular pressure
Both AV and semilunar valves closed
No change in volume

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44
Q

where is blood coming from to fill ventricles?

A

atrial pressures increase

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45
Q

ventricular pressure during diastole

A

can drop all the way down to 0

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46
Q

pressure in atria is anywhere from

A

4-6 (or 10 on left side)

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47
Q

ventricle can fill how much without atria contracting

A

up to 90%

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48
Q

diastasis:

A

not a lot of increased filling of ventricles, pressure are mostly equalized in ventricle and atria

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49
Q

atrial systole:

A

SA Node fires and atria depolarize and then contract

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50
Q

what’s the primary determinant of ventricular filling?

A

how much blood is in atria, how much the pressure gradient is

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51
Q

if you put more blood into atria what happens to pressure

A

pressure wil increase

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52
Q

systole is much ____ than diastole

A

shorter - about 1/3 of time in systole, about 2/3 of time in diastole

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53
Q

how much time is spent in systole vs. diastole

A

1/3 in systole

2/3 in diastole

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54
Q

when HR is increased, what shortens more in regards to diastole and systole

A

diastole

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55
Q

the long length of diastole is like a safeguard , explain

A

if hr increases, it allows the diastole to shorten and still pump out blood b/c systole doesn’t need to decrease

56
Q

the faster the HR is, the more atrial contraction

A

contributes to filling

57
Q

people who have atrial fibrulation (atrials don’t contract), at resting they are fine, but issues com ein when they

A

exercise

58
Q

aorta is very stretchy, each time the heart contracts it ejects

A

a glob of blood into aorta

59
Q

what two things determine pressure in aorta

A

volume of blood inside

compliance (how stretchy it is)

60
Q

each time heart contracts and injects volume of blood into aorta, what happens

A

aorta stretches but pressure goes up

61
Q

when is highest pressure in aorta

A

systole

62
Q

what is highest pressure called in aorta

A

systolic aortic pressure

63
Q

once Aortic valve closes, where does blood go once it’s in aorta?

A

everywhere - tissues

64
Q

what happens to volume of blood in aorta when it sends blood to tissues, and what happens ot pressures

A

voluem decreases and pressure decreases

65
Q

diastolic pressure in aorta

A

80

66
Q

if pt has second degree heart block (droped beat, ventricles don’t contract), what happens to pressure in aorta

A

decreases, b/c ventricles didn’t contract

67
Q

takes high pressure to get blood to brain, why

A

going against gravity

68
Q

why do you faint

A

so blood can get to brain

69
Q

what is incisura

A

notch in aortic pressure curve b/c the blood is coming backwards and snapping close the valve, to get a little pressure gradient

70
Q

what is another name for incisura

A

dicrotic notch

71
Q

what is definition of end diastolic volume

A

Volume of blood in ventricle at end of diastole called

72
Q

what is definition of stroke volume

A

how much blood is ejected into aorta each beat

73
Q

formula for stroke volume

A

End diastolic volume – End Systolic volume

74
Q

what is definitino of end systolic volume

A

Volume of blood in ventricle at end of systole called (so after it contracts)

75
Q

how much blood is usually left in ventricles after contraction

A

50 ml

76
Q

what is definition of ejection fraction

A

Percentage of End Diastolic Volume ejected in each heart beat

77
Q

what is normal ejection fraction

A

55% or more

78
Q

want to increase stroke volume, how can you do it

A

put more blood in ventricle

leave less blood blood in the ventricle, so can contract harder and that leaves less blood

79
Q

if you put more blood in ventricle, what happens

A

the ventricle contracts harder

80
Q

pumped out 120 ml of blood into aorta vs. 70, what will change on graph

A

arterial pressure b/c the volume in the aorta causes the pressure

81
Q

review graph

A

pg 22 (or any of the pages)

82
Q

why are pressures lower on right side vs. left side

A

b/c resistance on left side is so much higher

83
Q

what is preload

A

stretching of ventricle just before contraction

EDV (end diastolic volume)

84
Q

what is afterload

A

“load” that the heart must eject blood against

aortic pressure

85
Q

EDV is preload or afterload

A

preload

86
Q

with high BP (hypertension) what happens to afterload

A

afterload is increased

87
Q

what is Cardiac output

A

amount of blood the heart pumps in one minute

88
Q

CO =

A

stroke volume x heart rate

89
Q

what is formula for CO

A

stroke volume x heart rate = CO (Cardiac output)

90
Q

if stroke volume is 70 ml and HR is 70 BPM what is CO?

A

4.9 L/min

91
Q

what is venous return

A

flow of blood back to heart

all of the flow that comes back to the heart

92
Q

under steady state conditions, venous return should equal

A

cardiac output

93
Q

if venous return doesn’t equal cardiac output, what happens

A

blood accumulates in the systemic or pulmonary circulations

94
Q

first heart sound is associated with closure of

A

AV valves

95
Q

what are you actually hearing with first sound

A

not actually hearing the valves closing, haring the vibrations due to the valves closing

96
Q

when AV valves close what has begun

A

systole

97
Q

second heart sound is associated with the closure of

A

semilunar valves closing

98
Q

semilunar valves closing begins

A

diastole

99
Q

the pause you hear in Heart beat is

A

diastole

100
Q

volume pressure diagram tells you

A

about same thing as the other cardiac cycle diagram but depicted in a different way

101
Q

review the volume-pressure diagram

A

pg 27

102
Q

if you increase preload what happens to the volume-pressure diagram

A

it will get bigger

103
Q

regulation of heart rate is based upon what two controls

A

intrinsic & extrinsic

104
Q

what does starling mechanism say

A

if you stretch the heart it will contract harder

105
Q

ability of the haert to change its force of contraction and therefore its stroke volume in resonse to changes in

A

venous return

106
Q

if more blood comes back to the heart, what happens

A

venous return increases, and it will pump it out

107
Q

if you increase what will cause increased strength of contraction

A 
Stretching heart
or
End diastolic volume
or
Atrial Pressure
or
Venous return
108
Q

anytime the heart is stretched, it will

A

contract harder

109
Q

the heart stretching making it contract harder is independent of

A

neural and humoral influences on the heart

110
Q

stretching increases sensitivity off

A

calcium

111
Q

if you put more blood in atria, what happens to atrial pressure

A

increases

112
Q

if atrial pressure increases, when AV valve opens what happens to the blood

A

it fills more

113
Q

what is primary determinant of how much blood is in ventricle

A

rapid filling phase dependent on how much blood is in atria

114
Q

it takes higher ____ to fill left ventricle than it does to fill ____

A

pressure, right ventircle

115
Q

why does it take more pressure to fill left ventricle than right

A

it is thicker (think about blowing up a thicker balloon)

116
Q

increase in venous return causes an increase in

A

cardiac output

117
Q

what is intrinsic control

A

the heart will work without nerves, includes increased venous return to increased cardiac output, stretch will increase contractility

118
Q

when sympathetic nervous system is activated what two things will it do to heart

A

increase HR

increase strength of contraction

119
Q

when parasympathetic nervous system is activated what will it do to heart

A

decrease heart rate

120
Q

PNS innervates

A

SA and AV node only

121
Q

SNS innervates

A

AV and SA and ventricles

122
Q

sympathetic nerves increase stroke volume by

A

leaving less in - there is less blood left in ventricles when pumped out

123
Q

contractility is a term referenced to say how

A

good/effective heart is

124
Q

positivie ionotropic agent will

A

increase contractility

125
Q

what is example of positive ionotropic agent

A

EPI & NE

126
Q

anything that increases inotropy is increasing

A

contractility

127
Q

parasympathetic nerves do what to heart

A

decrease HR

128
Q

vagal means

A

parasympathetic

129
Q

what nerves supply ventricle muscle

A

just ventricle muscle

130
Q

how do you decrease contractility

A

decrease sympathetic stimulation, increase parasympathetic

131
Q

if you increase extracellular K+ what happens to RMP

A

it becomes more positive

132
Q

when the RMP becomes more positive, in terms of heart, what does this mean

A

AP duration is smaller, heart will not contract as forcefully

133
Q

life threatening arrhythmias are due to what for potassium

A

hyperkalemia

134
Q

decreased calcium in plasma causes

A

muscle wekness

135
Q

increased calcium can cause

A

spastic muscle

136
Q

low extracellular K+ does what in terms of HR

A

prolonged AP, QT interval is prlonged

137
Q

hypothermic does what to HR

A

decreased HR

Physiology I Block 4 (13 decks)

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