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Physiology I Block 4 > Microcirculation > Flashcards

Microcirculation Flashcards

1
Q

the microcirculation is important b/c it is the site of

A

waste product removal, transport of nutrients to tissues

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2
Q

arteries branch into more arteries which branch into

A

nutrient arteries

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3
Q

nutrient arteries branch into

A

arterioles

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4
Q

arterioles branch to

A

terminal arteriole

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5
Q

off of terminal arteriole are

A

capillaries

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6
Q

b/w arterioles and capillaries are

A

precapillary sphincters

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7
Q

precarpillary sphincters regulate what

A

where blood goes in microcirculation

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8
Q

as you go to smaller arteries what happens to blood flow

A

it is slow

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9
Q

do capillaries have smooth muscle cells

A

no

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10
Q

capillary structure

A

single layer epithelial cells w/ basement membrane, small diameter

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11
Q

b/w endothelial cells in capillaries are

A

intercellular clefts

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12
Q

what are intercellular clefts

A

basically pores - space b/w cells

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13
Q

how do solutes and water move across capillary wall

A

intercellular cleft or plasmalemma vesicles

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14
Q

what kind of “pore” in brain

A

blood brain barrier

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15
Q

blood brain barrier, the endothelial cells have

A

tight junctions

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16
Q

tight junctions in brain allows

A

water to move but pretty much nothing else

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17
Q

liver pores, describe

A

very wide b/w endothelial cells

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18
Q

why are the pores in liver so wide (b/w endothelial cells)

A

liver job is to detoxify stuff, so you want everything to be able to get into liver

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19
Q

describe capillary endothelial in GI

A

pretty big pores, not as big as liver, not as small as muscle

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20
Q

kidney arrangement of pores for capillaries

A

fenestrated pores that penetrate to middle of endothelial cells

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21
Q

only system in body to have two capillary systems

A

kidney

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22
Q

kidney microcirulation allows filtering of: what and no filtering of

A

filtering of water, small molecules like glucose, but not proteins

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23
Q

you shouldn’t have what in your urine

A

proteins

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24
Q

all capillaries in body are not always

A

open

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25
Q

capillaries open and close depending on

A

tissue needs

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26
Q

vasomotion:

A

intermittent bloodflow through individual capillaries

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27
Q

when do capillaries open

A

when a lot of oxygen is being used up, the capillaries sense it and the sphincters open

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28
Q

b/c some capillaries are open and some closed, when we talk about capillary flow we talk about

A

the average of it all - so average blood flow, average pressure, etc

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29
Q

how do substances move from capillaries into interstitial (or vice versa)

A

diffusion

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30
Q

what is diffusion

A

random movement

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31
Q

what is net diffusion

A

goes from high concentration to low concentration

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32
Q

how do lipid soluble substances diffuse through capillaries

A

they just go right through the cell membrane

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33
Q

how do water soluble substances cross the capillaries

A

they have to go through the pores in the capillaries

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34
Q

the lower the permeability, how do they cross membrane

A

the harder it is for them to cross the membrane

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35
Q

how easily can water cross capillary and why

A

easily, it has a higher permeability

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36
Q

how easily can albumin cross capillary and why

A

difficult time, it is bigger than pore, they have low permeability

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37
Q

for water soluble the net rate of diffultion is proportional to what three things

A

concentration difference b/w the two sides of the membrane
size of the molecule
size of the pore

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38
Q

space b/w cells is called

A

interstitium

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39
Q

what fills the interstitium

A

interstiial fluid

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40
Q

what solid structures is in interstitium

A

collagen and proteoglycan

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41
Q

what is in proteoglycan

A

hyaluronic acid

proteins

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42
Q

interstitial fluid has same constituents as plasma except for:

A

lower concentrations of proteins

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43
Q

if you change ionic concentration of extracellular fluid (like making plasma hyperkalemic, high potassium) what will happen to potassium concentrations in interstitial fluid

A

it will also increase

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44
Q

what makes the extracellular fluid gell-like

A

the fluid is trapped in space among proteoglycan filaments

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45
Q

edema formation, you will increase what

A

free fluid in interstitial fluid

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46
Q

why does area swell, like with bee sting

A

fluida re moving into insterstitial fluid causing pockets of free fluid

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47
Q

in add’n to diffusion, what else is there in regards to movement across capillaries

A

filtration

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48
Q

what do you need to filter something

A

pressure

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49
Q

what four forces determine which way fluid moves

A

hydrostatic forces: capillary pressure & interstitial fluid
osmotic forces: plasma colloid osmotic pressure & interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure

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50
Q

what are the hydrostatic forces

A

capillary pressure

interstitial fluid pressure

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51
Q

capillary pressure is what

A

pressure of blodo in capillary

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52
Q

capillary pressure tends to move fluid which direction

A

out of capillary through the pores

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53
Q

interstitial fluid pressure if positive

A

pushes fluids into capillary

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54
Q

interstitial fluid pressure if negative

A

pulls fluids out of capillary

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55
Q

what are the two osmotic pressures

A

plasma colloid osmotic pressure

interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure

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56
Q

plasma colloid osmotic pressure:

A

pressure inside the capillary opposing filtration

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57
Q

colloid means

A

substance is bigger than what will just go through membrane

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58
Q

interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure:

A

trying to pull fluids out of the capillary

59
Q

net filtration pressure depends on

A

average of all four of the forces acting on the capillary

60
Q

what is the net filtration pressure equation

A

NFP) = Pc +/- Pif - pi p + pi if

61
Q

what does NFP stand for

A

net filtration pressure

62
Q

what does Pc stand for

A

capillary pressure

63
Q

what does Pif stand for

A

interstitial fluid pressure

64
Q

whatdoes pi p stand for

A

plasma colloid osmotic pressure

65
Q

what does pi if stand for

A

interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure

66
Q

all edema formation is

A

more fluids are filtered out than can be taken away, and they accumulate

67
Q

what determines net filtration, how much totally filters out has to do with:

A

NFP and Kf

68
Q

what is Kf

A

capillary filtration coefficient

69
Q

what is capillary filtration coefficient, what does it tell you?

A

how many capillaries are open

number and size of pores in each capillary

70
Q

if more capillaries are open, what happens to filtration

A

more filtration

71
Q

liver vs kidney what will be easier to filter stuff out of

A

liver - big gaps are bigger

72
Q

Kf is higher in kidney, skin, muscle, or liver

A

liver

73
Q

where would you have the greatest net filtration: muscle, or in the liver?

A

liver

74
Q

Net filtration = ? (equation)

A

NFP x Kf

75
Q

capillary pressure is very

A

low

76
Q

capillary presure at venous end is

A

10 mm Hg

77
Q

capillary pressure at arterial end is

A

30 mm Hg

78
Q

interstitial fluid pressure is always negativ with respsect to

A

tissue that surrounds it

79
Q

interstitial fluid pressure is always

A

negative

80
Q

osmosis is

A

net movement of water

81
Q

higher concentration of solute dissolved in water, the more

A

osmotic pressure is going to exert

82
Q

under normal conditions plasma protein concentration s about

A

7.3 g/dL

83
Q

in capillary have the oncotic agents drawing water in b/c most proteins can’t

A

fit through the membrane/pores

84
Q

plasma colloid osmotic pressure is about

A

28 mm Hg

85
Q

to stop water moving into capillary you would have to

A

push out at 28 mm Hg

86
Q

80% of collois osmotic pressure proteins is due to

A

albumin

87
Q

average concentration of interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure is

A

3 g/dl

88
Q

is average colloid osmotic pressure higher in liver or muscle

A

liver

89
Q

arterial end of capillary, capillary pressure is about

A

30 mm Hg

90
Q

what kind of interstitial pressure in arterial end of capillary

A

negative

91
Q

total outward force in arterial end of capillary

A

41

92
Q

forces moving fluid inward in arterial end of caiplary is

A

plasma colloid osmotic pressure

93
Q

arterial end of capillary, ther eis net

A

filtration - fluids are filtered out

94
Q

venous end of capillary, what is only thing that changes from arterial end

A

capillary pressure is much less, 10 instead of 30

95
Q

what is capillary pressure at venous end of capillary

A

10

96
Q

in venous end of capillary there is net

A

reabsorption

97
Q

filtered vs reabsorption in capillary

A

morst filtered in arterial end most reabsorbed in venous end

98
Q

excess fluid and proteins are picked up by

A

lymph vessels

99
Q

not all fluid is reabsorbed by venous end, the excess is picked up by

A

lymph vessels

100
Q

what could increase the netfiltration of fluids in tissue?

A

increase capillary pressure

101
Q

anything that increases capillary pressure will increase

A

the forces moving fluids out

102
Q

what would increase capillary pressure (generally)

A

more blood through a capillary

103
Q

if right side of heart begins to fail what happens to venous pressure

A

increases (check)

104
Q

if right atrial pressure is 20, is venous end capillary pressure 10?

A

no b/c then there would be no blood flow, all the capillary pressure has to increase

105
Q

anything that affects venous pressure will also affect

A

capillary pressure

106
Q

if pressures get higher what happens to filtration ratio in capillaries

A

increase

107
Q

if pressures get higher what happens to filtration ratio in capillaries what does it do regarding fluid

A

extra - might get edema

108
Q

left side heart failure and tries to exercise, and left heart can’t keep pumping out enough blood for body and eight heart pumps out a lot, how do they die?

A

fluid going out so much they have pulmonary edema

109
Q

what else might increase filtration besides capillary pressure (body wise)

A

if the proteins decrease (albumin) then you wouldn’t be able to keep the fluids int he vessel

110
Q

if you lose protein in urine and protein concentrations start to fall, say it goes from 28 to 15, what happens to fluid movement?

A

they will increase everywhere in body, they will move out of vessel and will get edema everywhere

111
Q

bodywise if you take pressure from capillaryes everywhere in body what will you see

A

total outward force is about 28.3 and total inward is a little less, 28, so:

net outward force everywhere in body

112
Q

net outward force everywhere in body means

A

there is net filtration everywhere in body

113
Q

how much net filtration per minute

A

2 ml/min

114
Q

how much per minute is filterting out of all blood vessels in body

A

2 ml /min

115
Q

when blood circulates throughout your whole body there is excess filtration of about

A

2 ml /min

116
Q

2 ml/min has to be picked up or else it will

A

accumulate

117
Q

what picks up the excess filtration, drains the tissues?

A

lymphatic system

118
Q

accessory route through which fluid, proteins and large particulate matter can flow from the interstitial spaces into the blood: what is this

A

lymphatic system

119
Q

only what are reabsorbed back into vessles (liek venuous end)

A

only fluids, not proteins

120
Q

if proteins are filtered out of capillaries they can’t be

A

reabsorbed

121
Q

only way proteins can be reabsorbed back into system are through

A

lymphatics

122
Q

lymph flows ____ from a tissue

A

away

123
Q

lymph goes where

A

right lymphatic durct or thoracic duct

124
Q

what is the largest lymph vessel in body

A

right lympahtic

125
Q

lymph vessles drain into

A

right and left subclavian veins

126
Q

if lymph vessel gets clogged you will see

A

edema formation in that leg b/c the edema is not drained

127
Q

endothelial cells of lymph have

A

flaps on them

128
Q

the flaps (endothelial valves) on the lymph can

A

open and allows large proteins to enter

129
Q

permeability of lymph capillaries

A

very high

130
Q

what tissues have greatest amount of lymph flow

A

liver and intestines

131
Q

what tissue has most concentration of proteins in lymph

A

liver

132
Q

as there is more water in interstitial fluid, what happens to lymph flow

A

increases

133
Q

the more stuff is filtered out, the more lymph

A

flow increases

134
Q

what happens at lymph plateau if we continue to increase filtration?

A

edema

135
Q

when lymph becomes saturated,any further increase in filtration out of capillaries produce

A

edema

136
Q

review pg 32

A

32

understand why elecated capillary presure would increase lymph flow, etc

137
Q

hemorrhage how would that change lymph flow

A

capillary pressure decreased so lymph flow will change to net reabsorption to try to make up for lost fluid and try to increase blood volume so individual can live

138
Q

severe dehydration does what to lymph flow

A

changes from net filtration to net reabsorption

139
Q

vasodilator will do what to caipllary pressure

A

increase

140
Q

histamine does what

A

increase permeability of capillary & is vasodilator

141
Q

what does EPI do

A

open airways, consstrict vessels, increase pumping of heart

142
Q

lymphatics have ___ and ____ Just like veins

A

pumps and valves

143
Q

review pg 34

A

34

Physiology I Block 4 (13 decks)

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