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FAB > Nerves > Flashcards

Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What are neurons

A

The basic functional unit of the nervous system

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2
Q

What are the specialised morphological features of a neuron

A

Dendrites
Soma
Axon
Synaptic terminal

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3
Q

What are the dendrites for generally

A

This is the input portion of the neuron where information is received

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4
Q

What is the soma Of a neuron

A

The cell body containing the nucleus

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5
Q

What is the axon

A

The output portion of the neuron which sends information to another neuron or target

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6
Q

What do individual axons bundle together to form

A

Nerves in the PNS and tracts in the CNS

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7
Q

What are nerves ensheathed in

A

Epineurium

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8
Q

What are arbours

A

The branching of the dendrites

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9
Q

What does the rate of conduction of a neuron depend on

A

The diameter of the axon

the degree of myelination

distance between non-myelinated nodes

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10
Q

What creates the myelin sheath

A

Schwann cells (PNS) and oligodendrocytes (CNS)

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11
Q

In the PNS small diameter on myelinated axons are ensheathed by membranes of what

A

Non myelinating Schwann cells

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12
Q

What are neuron cell bodies in ganglia surrounded by

A

Satellite glia

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13
Q

Besides oligodendrocytes, What isthe other major glia cell type

A

Astrocytes

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14
Q

What do you astrocytes contribute to

A

The blood brain barrier and remove neurotransmitters from synapses

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15
Q

What line is the central canal of the spinal-cord and the brain ventricles

What do they do

A

Ependymal cells

Secrete cerebrospinal fluid and assist in its circulation

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16
Q

What do microglia do

What are they

A

Immune function

Resident phagocytes of the brain and spinal cord which are derived from mono sites i.e. from large white blood cells that are part of the innate immune system

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17
Q

What do you call a ganglion in the CNS

A

A nucleus

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18
Q

What does a “nerve fibre” refer to

A

An axon and it’s myelin sheath but can also refer to dendrites

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19
Q

What does the central nervous system developed from

A

The neural tube which forms from the ectoderm

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20
Q

What do peripheral nervous system neurons mostly develop from

A

Neural crest cells

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21
Q

What are neurogenic placodes?

What do they give rise to

A

Bilateral patches of thickened ectoderm

Olfactory epithelium (including all olfactory receptor neurons)
Eye lenses
Inner ear (for hearing and balance)
Some somatosensory neurons
All vestibulocochlear
All taste and viscerosensory afferent neurons

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22
Q

Where are the cell bodies of viscerosensory afferent neurons located

A

Cranial sensory ganglia associated with some cranial nerves

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23
Q

How do neurons develop from neurogenic placodes

A

Neurons delaminate from a placode, migrate internally and coalesce with neural crest derived glia to form a ganglion

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24
Q

What are the features of the brain but you have to know for first year

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves interface between the brain and periphery and viscera, carrying sensory, motor and autonomic information

(Eg from retina to Brain or from brain to muscles)

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25
Q

What are the 3 meninges

From out to in

A

Dura, arachnoid and pia mater

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26
Q

What are the ventral roots

A

Bundles of efferent motor axons leaving the ventral regions of the spinal-cord

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27
Q

When does the spinal cord stop growing? What about the vertebral column?

A

In infancy but the vertebral column keeps growing

Therefore the adult spinal cord ends around L1

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28
Q

Where are lumbar puncture and spinal anaesthesia performed

A

L4

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29
Q

Which nervous system due to 31 pairs of spinal nerves belong to

A

Somatic

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30
Q

How many coccygeal spinal nerves are there

A

1

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31
Q

How do you spinal nerves exit the vertebral column

A

Through the intervertebral foramina

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32
Q

Name 4 peripheral nerve plexuses

A

Cervical
Brachial
Lumbar
Sacral

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33
Q

What do thoracic rami nerves form

A

Intercostal nerves (NOT plexuses)

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34
Q

What is a dermatome

A

An area of skin that provides sensory input to one pair of spinal nerves or to cranial nerve five

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35
Q

What is a preganglionic neuron and where is it found

Which nervous system has these

A

A cell body in the central nervous system which conveys information to a postganglionic neuron

ANS

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36
Q

True or false: postganglionic neurons are neural crest derived

A

True

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37
Q

Give seven broad categories of clinical disorders regarding the nervous system

A

Developmental problems (spina bifida)

cell proliferation

Traumatic nerve injury

Cerebrovascular dysfunction (stroke)

Sensory dysfunction e.g. various anopias

Motor dysfunction e.g. palsy

The general degenerative diseases e.g. Alzheimer’s

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38
Q

Why is understanding of synaptic transmission important clinically

A

Target for pharmaceuticals

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39
Q

4 functions of glia

A

Structural support
Insulation
Immune function
Removal of chemicals

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40
Q

Etymology of dendrite

A

Dendro = tree

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41
Q

Do gap junctions allow 2 way transmission

A

Yes

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42
Q

What does central nervous system grey matter consist of

A

Neuron cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, bundles of unmyelinated axons, glia

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43
Q

What covers nerves

A

A collagenous matrix called epineurium

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44
Q

What are fascicles of axons covered by

A

Perineurium

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45
Q

What is perineurium

A

Concentric layers of large flat perineurial cells

these are the barrier to diffusion and infection

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46
Q

What are groups of axon Schwann cells embedded in

A

A gel like matrix: endoneurium.

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47
Q

What is the visceral nervous system

A

The ANS

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48
Q

Where are the cell bodies of general visceral afferent neurons

A

In the inferior ganglia of cranial nerves IX and X

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49
Q

What are cranial nerves

a) IX
b) X

A

a) petrosal

b) nodose

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50
Q

What do general visceral sensory neurons do

A

Transmit “interoceptive” information To various nuclei in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS)in the medulla

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51
Q

Give an example of interoceptive information

A

E.g. Baroreceptors about changes in blood pressure

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52
Q

Are signals from general visceral sensory neurons perceived consciously

A

No but intense stimulation may cause pain or nausea

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53
Q

What regulates the activity of a print/motor neurons in the ANS

A

Descending projection

Promoter neurons

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54
Q

Preganglionic sympathetic exons tend to be…

A

Short

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55
Q

What do you preganglionic sympathetic neurons release

Therefore they are

A

ACh

Cholinergic

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56
Q

Sympathetic postganglionic neurons release what?

What are they therefore ?

A

Noradrenaline

Adrenergic

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57
Q

Almost all sympathetic post ganglionic neurons release noradrenaline. What is the exception

A

Postganglionic neurons to sweat glands which release : ACh

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58
Q

Where are parasympathetic ganglia located

What does this mean for the length of the preganglionic and postganglionic axons

A

They are intramural so are located near or within the wall of the target effector

Pre: long
Post: short

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59
Q

How many postganglionic neurons can a preganglionic sympathetic neuron synapse with

What does this explain

A

20+ (supplying different effectors)

Why sympathetic effects tend to be widespread in the body

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60
Q

How many postganglionic neurons does a preganglionic parasympathetic neurons synapse with

A

4-5 (which all supply the same visceral effector)

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61
Q

True or false

parasympathetic effects tend to be widespread

A

False they are usually localised

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62
Q

Describe the thoracolumbar outflow of the SNS

A

myelinated preganglionic axons which originate from neuronal bodies in the intermediolateral nucleus of T1 to L2 spinal segments

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63
Q

How do sympathetic preganglionic axons concerned with blood vessels, sweat glands and hair follicles travel

A

Via the ventral roots and white rami to synapse onto neural crest derived postganglionic neurons in sympathetic chain ganglia at all levels

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64
Q

Where do the sympathetic chains meet

A

Coccyx

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65
Q

How do postganglionic axons exit the sympathetic chain

A

Via grey rami to rejoin and travel with spinal nerves to the target effectors

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66
Q

Why are there two pairs of spinal nerves rami at the thoracic spinal levels

A

That are white and grey rami to/from the sympathetic chain and dorsal and ventral running to the back/trunk and limbs

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67
Q

From which ganglion do postganglionic postganglionic axons travel to eye muscles, lacrimal and salivary glands

What about to the heart and lungs?

A

Superior cervical ganglion

Middle/inferior cervical and T1–5 ganglia

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68
Q

What is the stellate ganglion

A

A fusion of the inferior cervical ganglion and the T1 ganglion

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69
Q

How many pairs of sympathetic ganglion are there

A

~25

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70
Q

Where do you preganglionic sympathetic axons concerned with the adrenal medulla synapse

A

Onto neural crest derived adrenal chromaffin cells

71
Q

What can neural crest derived adrenal chromaffin cells be considered to be

A

Modified sympathetic postganglionic neurons that have lost many neuronal characteristics and are specialised to release the cycles of adrenaline and noradrenaline as hormones into the bloodstream

72
Q

What happens to preganglionic axons concerned with the abdomen and pelvis

A

They pass through the sympathetic chain ganglia without synapsing and from the splanchnic nerves which synapse with sympathetic abdominal ganglia/prevertebral ganglia: a coeliac ganglion and mesenteric ganglia

73
Q

Postganglionic axons from the coeliac ganglion and mesenteric ganglia go where?

A

To supply the stomach, spleen, liver, kidney, intestines, rectum, bladder, genitals and enteric plexus

74
Q

Describe the anatomical basis of parasympathetic outflow

A

There is a craniosacral outflow:

Preganglionic axons from neuron cell bodies in the brain and in S2–4

(This is controversial)

75
Q

How do the cranial components of the parasympathetic nervous system travel

A

They hitchhike along cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X To sign apps on neural crest derived postganglionic neurons in parasympathetic ganglia located near the wall of the target effector

76
Q

In the head many postganglionic parasympathetic fibres hitch hike along branches of which cranial nerve?

A

Trigeminal (V)

77
Q

Which cranial nerve is the oculomotor nerve

A

III

78
Q

What is common about cranial nerves

III, VII, IX and X

A

They are all mixed cranial nerves

i.e. contain different functional components including parasympathetic fibres

79
Q

Where is the Edinger Westphal nucleus

How do you preganglionic axons from here travel

A

On the rostral aspect of the oculomotor nucleus in the midbrain

They hitchhike along cranial nerve III synapse in the ciliary ganglion in the posterior orbit

80
Q

What happens to nerves from the ciliary ganglion

A

The postganglionic axons project as short ciliary nerves and also travel with the nasociliary nerve (a branch of Va) to sphincter pupillae and ciliaris muscle

81
Q

How do you preganglionic axons from the superior salivary nucleus (pons) travel

What happens to postganglionic fibres

A

With the greater Petrosal nerve (a branch of VII) to synapse in the pterygopalatine ganglion

They travel long branches of the Va/Vb to lacrimal, nasal and Palatine glands

82
Q

How might preganglionic parasympathetic axons travel From the superior salivary nucleus if not via the greater petrosal nerve?

Post ganglionic?

A

Via the chorda tympani (branch of VII) and then The lingual nerve (branch of Vc) to synapse at the submandibular ganglion

Project to the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands after re-entering the lingual nerve.

83
Q

Which nerve is the facial cranial nerve and which nerve is cranial nerve nine

A

Facial: VII

IX: glossopharyngeal

84
Q

How do you preganglionic exons from the inferior salivary nucleus travel

A

Along the lesser Petros a nerve (branch of IX) to synapse at the otic ganglion

85
Q

Where are the following things located:

a) otic ganglion
b) inferior salivary nucleus
c) submandibular ganglion

A

a) just inferior to foramen ovale
b) upper medulla
c) near ducts of submandibular salivary glands

86
Q

Does cranial nerve IX only contain parasympathetic fibres

A

No, it also contains general visceral sensory fibres which transmit information from the oropharynx and carotid bodies to the NTS

87
Q

Where do the general visceral sensory fibres originate from

A

Placode derived neurons in the petrosal ganglion

88
Q

What is the name of the inferior ganglion of cranial nerve IX

A

Petrosal ganglion

89
Q

Which cranial nerve is vagal

A

X

90
Q

Describe the preganglionic axons of the Vagus

A

Preganglionic exons from the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus in the medulla travel as part of the vagal nerve (X) to synapse in intramural ganglia in the viscera of the thorax and abdomen

91
Q

Where do the pre-ganglionic parasympathetic axons from sacral spinal cord segments S2–4 synapse

A

In intramural ganglia in part of the colon, the rectum, bladder and genitals

92
Q

How many neurons involved in the ganglionated plexuses of the enteric nervous system

From Where are they derived

A

400-600 million

Neural crest

93
Q

What do neurons of a) myenteric plexus and B) submucosal plexus control?

A

a) gut motility

b) secretion

94
Q

Is the ENS only sensory neurons

What does this mean

A

No: it includes sensory neurons, interneurons and motor Neurons

The ENS of the small intestine and colon has complete reflex pathways controlling contraction, local bloodflow and transmucosal fluid movement

95
Q

How is sensory information from the GI tract transmitted to the CNS

Where are each derived

A

Via somatic sensory axons (derived from neurons in the dorsal root ganglia) and general visceral sensory axons (from neurons in the nodose ganglion) in the vagus

96
Q

Are enteroendocrine cells neural crest derived

A

No

97
Q

Which cells produce over 90% of the bodies serotonin

What do these cells interact with

A

Enterochromaffin cells

They are polymodal sensors and have recently shown to synapse with nodose neurons, connecting the lumen directly to the brainstem

Can trigger emesis and nausea

98
Q

What do you prevertebral sympathetic ganglion receive input from

A

Both from preganglionic sympathetic neurons in the CNS and from intestinofugal neurons in the ENS

99
Q

What is CCHS

Describe

A

Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome

Autonomic reflex circuits depend on the transcription factor PHOX2b, does mutations in PHOX2b underlie this autonomic regulation disorder

100
Q

Describe Raynaud’s syndrome

A

Paradoxical vasoconstriction of arteries in extremities caused by hyperactivity of sympathetic innovation to peripheral blood vessels

Results in discolouration and numbness in fingers

101
Q

What is Horner’s syndrome

A

Impaired cervical sympathetic function

102
Q

What is hyperhidrosis

A

Excessive sweating

103
Q

Describe Hirschsprung’s disease

A

“Aganglionic megacolon”

A failure of neural crest cells to colonise the distal colon, resulting in the absence of ENS ganglia in this region, hence no peristalsis, severe constipation and colonic distension

104
Q

How can glaucoma be treated

A

Cholinesterase inhibitors

Or

Muscarinic receptor agonists

105
Q

What is used to reduce GI hypermotility

A

Muscarinic receptor antagonists

106
Q

What can adrenoceptor agonist be used for

A

Cardiac arrest and asthma

107
Q

What can adrenoceptor β antagonist be used for

A

CV conditions
Glaucoma
Anxiety

108
Q

True or false: all autonomic ganglia are neural crest derived

A

True

109
Q

What is interoceptive information

A

Information not consciously perceived most of the time

110
Q

What is divergence

A

A neuron synapsing with many other neurons

111
Q

What is the new view on the sacral autonomic outflow

A

It is sympathetic

112
Q

Why is the biology of neurons particularly unusual

A

You are born with almost all of the neurons you ever have: they are not replaced

113
Q

Nerve cells are very long left. What does this mean for function

A

Minor degradation over time can affect function

114
Q

What part of a neuron contains the nucleus

A

Soma

115
Q

Name some diseases which cause the death of neurons with peripheral axons

What is the course of treatment in these cases

A

Degenerative diseases: ALS/motoneuron disease, Frieditch’s ataxia

Infectious diseases: spinal poliomyelitis, tabes dorsalis caused by syphilis

Loss of neurons is permanent so the treatment is to provide support for life with alternative means

116
Q

Are Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes the same

A

While they both produce myelin that envelops axons they are a distinctly different type of cell with different properties

117
Q

How fast are motoneuron axons

What other axons are similar

A

Motor neurons are large and fast conducting

Touch and proprioceptive sensory receptor axons

118
Q

Which axons are of intermediate velocity

A

Fast pain nociceptors
Thermal receptors
Preganglionic autonomic axons

119
Q

Which axons have no myelin and are slow conducting

A

Nociceptors for slow pain
Warm thermal receptors
Postganglionic autonomic axons

120
Q

Give two examples of peripheral neuropathies

A

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

Guillan Barre Syndrome

121
Q

Describe Guillan Barre Syndrome

A

An acute autoimmune disease of the peripheral nerve myelin sheath

Usually a post infection complication

Similar to MS but not as persistent usually

122
Q

Describe Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

A

The most common hereditary peripheral neuropathy

123
Q

What does peripheral nerve demyelination result in

A

Decreased conduction velocity and consequent sensory deficits, muscle weakness, muscle wasting, loss of reflexes and impaired gait.

124
Q

What can generalised nerve damage follow

A

Poor vascular perfusion of nerve terminals e.g. in ischaemia or frostbite

125
Q

What is the most common form of peripheral neuropathy seen in the UK?

Why is this a major clinical problem?

A

Damage caused by micro vascular lesions in diabetes type 2

It prevents sufferers from being aware of minor trauma, a major way that diabetic leg ulcers can be generated.

126
Q

How are the various layers of connective tissue offering mechanical support and protection to myelinated axons divided

A

Endoneurium covers the individual myelinated axons

Perineurium covers bundles of axons (usually destined for a specific nerve)

A tough epineurium covers the whole nerve

127
Q

When is mechanical trauma to nerves particularly common

Eg

A

Where nerves are close to bones and under the skin

e.g. ulnar nerve at elbow or common fibular nerve at the head of fibula

Around joints that may dislocate (eg axillary nerve at shoulder )

128
Q

Do all areas of skin have the same sensitivity

A

No different areas of skin have inherently different sensitivity

129
Q

Why is testing motor function difficult for nerve damage

How can this be remedied? What is a problem with this?

A

Different individuals have different muscle strength so absolute measures are not straightforward

Local damage can be tested by comparing the two sides however one must remember that systemic neuropathy will produce systemic effects

130
Q

What is trigeminal neuralgia

A

A condition where nociceptive axons from the face become hypersensitive to direct mechanical activation at the site of pressure (from pulsations of a nearby artery)

131
Q

True or false:

during embryonic development the axon of nerve cells have difficulty finding that targets accurately

Eg?

A

False: the axons of nerve cells find a way to their targets very accurately

Eg: Upper limb motoneuron axons found their way through spinal nerves through a peripheral brachial plexus to the peripheral nerves and out to innovate the muscle

132
Q

What most neural crest cells do when forming dorsal root ganglia

A

Grow one branch out to the periphery and another into the spinal-cord

133
Q

Name a major mechanism allowing the specificity of nerve development

A

Chemotaxis - The guidance of axons to the target by molecular cues

134
Q

Other than chemotaxis what is a second mechanism to encourage growth of nerves

A

Neurotrophic factors

135
Q

True or false

In adult nervous systems the neurons are made stable contact with the target and there is no long-distance growth and no to a communication between neurons and targets

A

False

While there is no long-distance growth there is still continual two-way communication between the neurons and that targets by a chemical signalling mechanisms that we know little about

136
Q

In the mature PNS neurons the axon provides a means of communication between what?

A

Between the soma and the distal nerve

137
Q

What is axotomy?

What does this result in?

A

Cutting or crushing the axons, disturbing its internal structure

The distal part of the axon becomes metabolically and electrically isolated. Wallerian degeneration follows.

138
Q

Give the three steps of Wallerian degeneration

A

1) Initially the distal part of the axon breaks down and the myelin sheath degenerates
2) Schwann cells, having lost their lives in Milan, become phagocytic and clear the myelin and axon debris
3) The Schwann cells divide and the newly generated cells release diffusible neurotrophins and express cell adhesion molecules that promote and guide axonal regeneration

139
Q

What happens to the soma of the damged neuron while Wallerian degeneration occurs?

A

Chromatolysis - the soma changes and its phenotype becomes supportive of axon growth

140
Q

What are growth cones

A

Generated by axons during embryonic development they are large dynamic structures which send out long cytoplasmic processes that sense the molecular environment both by contact and through diffusible signals

141
Q

Give a simile to describe growth cones

A

Like an ‘amoeba on a leash’

142
Q

Do the neurotrophic factor is released by Schwann cells act specifically

A

No they encourage growth generally

Both secreted and surface molecules guy in the direction of growth towards its target

143
Q

Do injured PNS axons have capacity to regrow

A

Yes: they form new growth cones that grow along the connective tissue and Swan cells along the course of the degenerated nerve

144
Q

Are Schwann cells important in the regeneration of PNS axons

A

Yes they provide an environment favourable for growth, providing both chemotactic and neurotrophic support

145
Q

Briefly discuss CNS nerve repair

A

Oligodendrocyte do not support or promote axon growth so long distance nerve repair does not happen

146
Q

How might regenerates axons differ from the original

A

While Schwann cells re-myelinate axons as they grow it is not done to the same extent as the original axons, so conduction is slower

Regenerate actions may reach the appropriate structures but some form incorrect connections

If axons form synapses with each other a neuroma is formed

147
Q

Give for factors that affect the extent of regrowth of nerves.

A

The extent of damage, in particular the destruction of the connective tissue layers of the nerve

Distance

Time

Substrate

148
Q

How does distance affect regrowing axons

A

Axons grow at a maximum rate of 1 mm a day

this delays long distance growth

149
Q

Why is time important factor which affects the extent of regrowth of axons

A

While target tissues and Schwann cells provide trophic factors to encourage axon growth, they themselves also depend on trophic factors released by nerves.

Muscles that are not innovated atrophy and stop releasing trophic factors over time

Regrowing axons that do not reconnect relatively early therefore progressively lose the signals that encourage, support and guide the growth

150
Q

Why does the substrate matter when considering the extent of the regrowth of axons

A

Cut or damaged axons cannot cross a gap

151
Q

How can you try to fix a nerve that must cross a gap

A

Re-apposing the ends of cut or damage nerves is the best option but is not also always possible

Nerve graphs are possible but should ideally be from the same patient

152
Q

What is the best kind of nerve graft

Why is this not always possible

A

Autografts - From the same patient

Few of us have spare nerves

153
Q

Which nerve is often used in an autograft?

Why is it not ideal

A

Sural nerve

It is relatively small in diameter

154
Q

Give three methods that might improve nerve degeneration treatment in the future

A

Using engineer tissue that can help promote growth for bridging gaps across cut nerves

Methods for extending the distance over which regenerating axons can grow (by extending the range and duration of the growth promotion and preventing target atrophy)

More accurately targeting axons to the correct peripheral structures

155
Q

Describe the following diseases:

A) ALS
B) Friedeitch’s ataxia

A

Sensory neuron and large CNS neuron degeneration leading to loss of motor function

156
Q

Describe neural degeneration in syphilis

A

Sensory neurons/dorsal root ganglia degenerate in the tertiary stage of syphilis, leading to tabes dorsalis– loss of the somatosensation

157
Q

Tabes dorsalis is associated with which disease?

A

Syphilis

158
Q

How many layers of myelin can there be

A

> 100 double layers

159
Q

Give Four ways axons are vulnerable to mechanical damage

A

One. Compression

Two. Traumatic compression/tearing associated with fracture or dislocation

Three. Traumatic stress with stretch e.g. avulsion of spinal roots

Four. Cutting or tearing in wounds

160
Q

What can sciatica be caused by

A

L5 prolapsed Disc causing pain in back and leg

161
Q

Describe Bell’s Palsy

A

The facial nerve as it exits the skull is a pure motor nerve that innervates the muscles of the facial expression

It leaves a skull through a narrow bony tunnel and can be compressed within this tunnel leading to paralysis of the face

162
Q

Which nerve is likely to be damaged hit by a car

A

The common fibular nerve as it runs on the lateral surface of the fibula at car bumper level

163
Q

Which nerve is likely to be damaged while sitting during a car accident

A

The sciatic nerve as it lies behind the hip joint and is at risk in posterior dislocation following impact on the knee while sitting

164
Q

Jim is in nerves are usually in what cell

A

Schwann cells

165
Q

Name a famous person who suffered avulsion of the spinal roots in the upper brachial plexus

What is this palsy called

A

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Erb’s palsy (waiter’s tip)

166
Q

Which to Cambridge students studied nerve regeneration

A

Rivers and Head

167
Q

What form is on the growing tip of the axon

A

Actin

168
Q

What transmit materials between the cell body and the growth cone

A

Microtubule proteins

169
Q

Is it the nerve that emerges through the space above or below the prolapsed disc that is damaged

A

Below

Eg a T4/5 disc prolapse will compress L5 nerve root

170
Q

During a lumbar puncture where does the needle traverse

A

The epidural space

171
Q

What is the nerve root of the femoral nerve

A

L2-4 POSTERIOR divisions

172
Q

Attachements of the inguinal ligament?

A

Anterior Superior iliac spine to pubic tubercle

173
Q

A fracture of the surgical neck of the humorous will damage which structures

A

Axillary nerve and circumflex arteries

174
Q

Give the movement around the following joints

a) S2 and 3
b) C4 and 5
c) between L5 and S1
d) C1 and occiput
e) C1 and 2

A

a) no movement
b) flexion, extension, and lateral flexion
c) flexion, extension, and lateral flexion
d) flexion and extension only
e) rotation only

FAB (10 decks)

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