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Science for Medicine > Nerves > Flashcards

Nerves Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

enteric nervous system

A

NS around the gut area - not related rn

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2
Q

lobes of the brain

A
  1. frontal
  2. temporal
  3. parietal
  4. occipital
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3
Q

frontal lobe

A

cognitive thinking

located behind the forehead

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4
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory cortex
site of seizure activity in epilepsy
located as the side

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5
Q

parietal

A

sensations

located in the middle

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6
Q

occipital

A

sight

located at the back

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7
Q

diencephalon

A

hypothalamus - neuroendocrine regulator, mating, feeding, drinking

thalamus - sensory info

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8
Q

brain stem

A

midbrain
pons - control respiratory rhythm
medulla - controls heart rate

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9
Q

axon hillock function

A

a segment of the axon just below the cell body where all of the sensory information is assessed and where the cell decides whether there should be an action potential or not

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10
Q

glia cells

A

glia makes up 90% of the CNS
astrocytes - maintain optimal environment around the neurons
oligodendrocytes - produced myelin sheaths
microglia - activated when there is an infection
ependymal cells - produce spinal fluid

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11
Q

the main reason for negative resting membrane potential

A

the leaky K+ channels,

the Na+/K+ channel is only there to establish the concentration gradient for K+ to leak out of the cell.

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12
Q

muscle resting membrane potential vs nerve cells

A

-90mV and -70mV

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13
Q

things that contribute to the RMP of -70mV

A
  1. leaky K channels (that is not too specific) –> main reason
  2. Na/K pump
  3. negatively charged proteins trapped within the cell
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14
Q

variations of the graded potential

A
  1. generator potential - at sensory receptors
  2. postsynaptic - at synapses
  3. end plate potential - at NMJ
  4. pacemake potential - pacemakers in the heart, if there is an issue of unstable RMP, that would lead to slow increase of membrane potential and firing of AP
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15
Q

3 main characteristics of graded potential

A
  1. decremental
  2. graded (toned)
  3. depolarising or hyperpolarizing
  4. can summate
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16
Q

evoking EPSP

A
  • closing K+ channels
  • opening Na+ channels

(closing Cl- channels would work but it is originally closed, and opening Ca2+ channels is not ideal)

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17
Q

evoking IPSP

A
  • opening K+ channels
  • opening Cl- channels

(closing Na+ and Ca2+ channels could work, but they are already originally closed)

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18
Q

fast and slow EPSP mechanism

A

fast: (ionotropic)
GABA or glycine binds to Cl- ion gated channels directly

slow: (metabrotropic - second messenger receptors)
GABA or glycine binds to the G protein that will affect the receptor of the K+ ion gated channel. therefore this will take a while longer

19
Q

fast and slow IPSP

A

fast: (ionotropic)
neurotransmitter glutamate binds to Na+ ion gated channel directly, resulting in a little bit of K+ going out while a lot of Na+ going in.

slow: (metabrotropic)
glutamate binds to another G protein that indirectly closes the leaky K+ channels (not ion gated), preventing K+ from leaving the cell and for depolarization to happen very slowly

20
Q

graded vs action potentail - channels

A

graded: ion-gated channels
action: voltage-gated channels

21
Q

toxins that block V-gated Na+ channels in AP

A

procain/lidocaine
tetrodotoxin
saxotoxin

22
Q

Na+ vs K+ V gated channels

A

Na+ opens fast and closes fast

K+ opens slow and closes slow

23
Q

characteristics of AP

A
  1. have a threshold
  2. all or none
  3. not summative, cannot reflect stimulus intensity through amplitude, because all APs fire with equal strength. It can only demonstrate through the frequency from which it is fired.
  4. self-propagating (passive)
  5. slow propagating without myelination.
24
Q

methods of increasing the speed of AP

A
  1. increasing axon size - octopus

2. myelination

25
Q

diseases caused by demyelination

A

multiple sclerosis

Guilain-Barre syndrome

26
Q

faster vs slower/smaller AP firing neuron

A

faster: more sensitive to anoxia (lack of blood)

slower/smaller: more sensitive to anesthesia

27
Q

different nerves sensitivity (fast, slow)

A 
A alpha - proprioception, motoneuron
A beta - touch, pressure
A gamma - motoneurons of muscle spindles
A delta - touch, cold, fast pain
B - preganglionic autonomic fibers 
C - heat, slow pain
28
Q

what is the neurotransmitter and type of receptor at NMJ

A

neurotransmitter: Ach
receptor: nicotinic

29
Q

enzyme that gets rid of Ach

A

Acetylecholinesterase

30
Q

toxins affecting the NMJ

A

tetrodotoxin (pufferfish) - blocks Na+ channels (AP)

nemicholinim - inhibits choline reuptake

joro spider toxin/black widow spider toxin - blocks V gated Ca2+ channels and Ach release

botulinum - disrupts Ach exocytosis release machinery
- treats spasms

curane - blocks Ach receptor and prevent endplate potential

anti acetylcholinesterase - block Ach breakdown and increase transmission at the NMJ nonstop

  • treatment of myasthenic syndrome
  • goes against non/depolarizing and butolinum

d-tubocuranine - nondepolarizing blocker that blocks Ach receptors by acting as competitive inhibitor
- paralysis during surgery

succynylcholine, suxmethoneum - depolarizing nicotinic receptor blockers and stopping Ach binding
- paralysis during surgery

31
Q

5 things that complicate the CNS synapses

A
  1. neurotransmitter range
  2. range of presynaptic potentials
  3. anatomical arrangements
  4. synaptic connectivity
  5. synaptic potential
32
Q

CNS neurotransmitters

A 
Ach
norepinephrine
dopamine
serotonin (SHT)
histamine
glutamate
GABA
glycine
peptides
ATP
NO - produced on demand, lipid soluble
adenosine
33
Q

CNS postsynaptic potentials

A

ionotropic - Fast EPSP/IPSP

metanotropic - slow EPSP/IPSP

34
Q

CNS anatomical arrangement of synapses

A

axo somatic - synapse btw the axon to 1 neuron and the body of the other
axo dendritic - btw dendrites of 2 neurons
axo axonal - btw the axons of 2 neurons

35
Q

CNS synaptic connectivity

A

divergence
convergence
monosynaptic reflex
feedback inhibition

36
Q

CNS synaptic potential

A

CNS has smaller potential than NMJ and relies on integration

37
Q

targets of acetylcholine neurotransmitters

A

nicotinic

muscarinic

38
Q

targets of nor/adrenaline

A

alpha receptors

beta receptors

39
Q

cholinergic vs adrenergic receptors

A

those that respond to Ach and NA/A

40
Q

nonadrenergic nocholingeric transmitters (NANC transmitters)

A

transmitters that are neither Ach or NA/A

Ex. peptides, NO

41
Q

dual innveration

A

antagonistic: radial and circular(sphincter) muscle control of the eyes
complementary: ejaculation and erection control

42
Q

single innveration

A

uses tone:

energy storage control in the liver and adipose tissue by SNS and PSNS has no effect

43
Q

things that improve NMJ function

A

3,4 aminopyridine - prolong action potential

esterine - block Ach breakdown by inhibiting aceylcholinesterase

44
Q

toxins affecting the ANS ganglia

A

same as NMJ, except for:
hexamethoneum - block Ach channel
mecylamine - nondepolarizing nicotinic receptor
suxamethoneum - depolarizing nicotinic receptor

no clinical use

improved by activating the N1 nicotinic receptors, these are much more potent than the N2 in NMJ

Science for Medicine (6 decks)

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