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Foundations To Medicine 2 > Nerve Tissue 2 > Flashcards

Nerve Tissue 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the CNS protected by?

A

By skull and vertebral column

Directly surrounded by connective tissue (meninges)

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2
Q

Contrast gray and white matter

A

Grey matter- contains cell bodies, axons, dendrites, and glial cells, synapses

White matter- myelinated axons of nerve cells, glial cells, vessels

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3
Q

What are the meninges?

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater
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4
Q

Describe the dura mater

A
  • outer covering
  • dense connective tissue
  • vascular
  • in the cranium forms the rural venous sinuses
  • innervated
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5
Q

Describe the arachnoid mater

A
  • loose connective tissue
  • lined back to back by simple squamous epithelium
  • projects into the sinus to drain CSF into the bloodstream
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6
Q

Describe the Pia mater

A
  • Vascular loose connective tissue
  • Lies directly on brain and spinal cord
  • Interact with ependymal cells to form choroid plexus
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7
Q

What are the features of the spinal cord?

A
  • butterfly-shaped inner gray matter
  • Anterior/Ventral Grey Horn- contains alpha motor neurons cell bodies
  • Posterior/Dorsal grey horn-contains central segments of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons
  • Lateral Grey Horn-contains cell bodies of visceral neurons
  • Grey commisure- contains grey matter around the central canal
  • Central canal - contains CSF
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8
Q

Contrast the white and grey matter of TG’s spinal cord

A

Grey matter- inner core

  • cell bodies of motor neuron, dendritic and axonal processes and glial cells
  • neuropil

White matter
-peripheral tissue surrounding grey matter

-Unmyelinated and myelinated fibers forming tracts

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9
Q

What is the alpha motor/ Golgi type 1 neurons?

A
  • Large cells with pale staining large nuclei
  • Abundant Nissan bodies
  • Embedded in neuropil
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10
Q

What is a neuropil?

A
  • Meshwork of tissue in grey matter excluding the cell bodies
  • Comprised of dendritic and axonal processes, and central glial cells
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11
Q

Describe the white matter kf the spinal cord

A
  • Outer layer of the spinal cord
  • Axons travel to other parts of the CNS/PNS
  • Axons are called tracts-grouped axons in CNS carrying out a specific function
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12
Q

Describe the white matter of the brain

A
  • Inner core of brain tissue

- Axons (tracts) travel to other parts of the CNS

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13
Q

Describe the gray matter of the brain

A
  • Outer layer
  • Cell bodies arranged in layers
  • Nuclei-islands of grey matter that project into white matter tissue
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14
Q

Explain the cerebrum

A

Cerebral cortex- grey matter has 6 layers

-contains both afferent and efferent fibers

  • Main cell type- Pyramidal Cells (integrative neurons) of cerebral cortex:
    • found in layers III, V (large pyramidal cells)
    -Other layers have small and medium pyramidal cells
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15
Q

Describe Grey matter in the cerebelli cortex

A
  • outer portion

- Cell bodies arranged in layers

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16
Q

Describe white matter in the cerebellum cortex

A
  • Inner core
  • Axons travel to other parts of the CNS
  • Axons forms tracts
17
Q

Describe the cerebellum cortex

A

Molecular (outer layer)
-Stella the cells

-basket cells

Purkinje cell layer (middle layer)
-single layer of motor neurons

Granular layer (inner layer)
-granule cells

-type II Golgi cells

18
Q

Describe what are Purkinje cells

A
  • Located between outer molecular layer and inner granular layer
  • has an Apical dendrite that arborizes in molecular layer
  • Has a single axon that extends into granular layer and represents the beginning of neuronal outflow from cerebellum
19
Q

Describe what are granule cells

A
  • Located in inner most layer of cerebellum
  • They project into molecular layer connect (synapse) with dendrites of Purkinje cell via parallel fibers in the molecular layer.

Purkinje cell via parallel fibers in the molecular layer

-Granule cells carry excitatory signals to the cerebrum

20
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

Invagination folds of pia mater containing tufts of fenestrated capillaries and covered by simple cuboidal ependymal cell found in ventricles of the brain

21
Q

What is the function of the CNS Blood brain barrier?

A

Protests the CNS from imbalances in surrounding environment, as well as electrolytes, hormones, metabolites disturbances

22
Q

What are the parts of the CNS that have no blood brain barrier?

A
  • Circumventricular organs (windows of the brain)

- Important in regulating homeostasis

23
Q

What is the blood brain barrier composed of?

A
  1. Continuous capillaries with:
    - complex tight junctions between endothelial cells
    - continuous basal lamina
    - no fenestrations in basement membrane
  2. Foot processes of astrocytes
    - Surround the capillaries and neurons
    - Characteristic of the cerebral cortex

The blood brain barrier can lose effectiveness in certain brain d8seases due to loss of tight junctions or altered astrocyte integrity

24
Q

Describe a peripheral nerve

A

A nerve is a collection of axons (nerve fibers) in the peripheral nervous system, whereas s tract is a collection of axons in the CNS

-Perioheral nerves carry impulses from/to the CNS or PNS. They are covered by connective tissue layers forming epineurium, perineureum and endoneurium

25
Q

What is the epineureum ?

A

-Outermost tissue of peripheral nerve

  • Typically made of dense connective tissue
    • binds fascicles together. Adipose tissue often seen in larger nerve sheaths
  • Carry blood vessels supplying nerves
    • vessels branch and penetrate the perinerium
26
Q

Describe the perineurium

A
  • Surrounds bundles of nerve fibers
  • Sheath of unique connective tissue cells- epithloid myofibroblasts that have contractile property- numerous actin microfilaments
  • Cells joined by tight junctions
  • Restrict passage of most macromolecules
    • forms the blood nerve barrier
27
Q

Describe the endoneurium

A

Associated with individual nerve fiber/axon

Consists of thin layer of reticular fibers produced by Schwann cells

Foundations To Medicine 2 (37 decks)

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