Autonomic Nervous System 2 Flashcards
What are the innervation of the parotid salivary gland?
Sympsthetic: viscous salivary secretion a1
Parasympathetic: watery salivary secretion M3
What are the innervations of the sublingual and submandibular glands?
Sympathetic: viscous salivary secretion: a1
Parasympathetic: watery salivary secretion: M3
What are the innervations of the lacrimal glands?
Sympathetic: not clear
Parasympathetic: secretion of tears M3
What are the innervations of the sinoatrial node?
Heart rate
Sympathetic: B1-R
Parasympathetic: decreases M2
What are the innervations of atrioventricular nerve?
Conduction velocity
Sympathetic: increases B1-R
Parasympathetic: decreases M2
What is the innervation of ventricular muscle?
Symp: increases contractility B1-R
What are the innervations of Bronchial smooth muscle?
Symp: bronchodilation B2-R
Parasympathetic: brinchoconstriction M3
What are the innervations of bronchial glands ?
Symp: decrease secretion B2-R
Parasympathetic: increases secretion M3
What are the innervations of smooth muscle in the walls of the GI tract?
Supymoathetic: relaxation a, B2
Parasympathetic: increased gut paralysis M3
What are the innervations of the sphincters smooth muscle in the GI tracts?
Sympathetic: contraction a1
Parasympathetic: relaxation M
What are the innervations of the glands of the GI tract?
Sympathetic: inhibition a1
Parasympathetic: stimulation M
What are the innervations of the detrusor muscle?
Sympathetic: relaxation M3
Parasympathetic: contraction M3
What are the innervations of the internal urethral sphincter?
Sympathetic: contraction a1
Parasympathetic: relaxation M
What is the innervation of Juxtaglomerular cells?
Sympathetic: increased renin release B1
What is the innervation of the chromaffin cell of the adrenal medulla?
Sympathetic: increased renin release Nicotinic neuronal receptors
What are the symptoms of Horner syndrome ?
Ptosis (slight dropping of the eyelid)
Anhidrosis (absence of sweating)
Miosis (pupil construction )
What are the causes of the Horner syndrome?
Sympathetic enervation of the face
1st neuron: pontine hemorrhage
2nd neuron: pancoast tumor (Stella the ganglion compression)
3rd neuron: carotid dissection
Describe the baroreflex response
- Afferent neuron-sensory input from the viscera:
- drop in blood pressure
- reduced stretch of baroreceptors in the aortic arch
- Reduced frequency of afferent impulses to the medulla (brain stem)
2. Reflex response- efferent reflex impulses via the autonomic nervous system - inhibition of parasympathetic and activation of sympsthetic nervous system
- increased peripheral resistance and cardiac output
- Increased blood pressure
What disorders affect the baroreflex response without the detectable nerve disease?
Vasovagal syncope or situational syncope 130 million people have had greater than or equal to 1
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy 10,000 new cases/year
What disorders that affect the baroreflex function that heave a pathological substrate?
Metabolic disorders: diabetes mellitus 25 million people (20-30% of patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes )
Neurodegenerative disorders:
- Parkinson’s disease 800,000 people
- Dementia with Lewy bodies 600,000 people
- Multiple system atrophy 15,000 people
Spinal cord injury (above T6)
Acute brain injury 150,000 people
Chemotherapy-induced and toxic autonomic neuropathies 50,000 people
Immune mediated and paraneoplastic autonomic disorders less than 5000 people-Guillian Barre syndrome
What are the symptoms associated with efferent Barorefkex dysfunction for EFFERENT baroreflex failure?
- diabetes mellitus
- Parkinson’s disease
- dementia with Lewy bodies
Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension
What are the symptoms associated with baroreflex dysfunction in the AFFERENT baroreflex failure?
Acquired:
- Damage to IX and X fibers due to radiotherapy to the neck, radical neck surgery, endarterectomy
- Giuliano barre syndrome
Headache, flushing, agitation, unstable blood pressure throughout the day
What is orthostatic hypotension?
A sustained fall in blood pressure of atleast 20/10 mm Hg within 3 minutes after assumption of an upright posture
What are the causes of orthostatic hypotension?
- Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: dysfunction of the autonomic fibers of the baroreflex
- Other cases: medications, cardiac arrythmias, dehydration, anemia, hemorrhage
What are the effectors and innervations of the skin?
Effectors- sweat glands and piloerector muscles both have no parasympathetic receptors
Sweat glands -sympathetic fibers: secretion (cholinergic, muscuranic receptors)
Piloerectors- sympsthetic fibers: contraction a1
What are the effectors and innervations of blood vessels?
No parasympathetic fibers
Skin (general)- sympathetic- constriction a1
Skeletal muscle- sympathetic - dilation B2
Viscera- sympathetic- constriction a1
What are the effectors of the heart ?
- SA node
- Atrioventriculaar node
- Atria
- Ventricle
What is the innervation of the SA node?
Parasympathetic: decrease heart rate
Sympathetic: increase heart rate B1> B2
What are the innervations of the AV node?
Parasympathetic: decreased conduction velocity
Sympathetic: increase conduction velocity B1> B2
What are the innervations of the ATria node?
Parasympathetic: decreased Contractility
Sympathetic: increased contractility B1>. B2
What are the innervations of the ventricle?
Parasympathetic: little effect
Sympathetic: increased contractility
What are the effectors and innervations for metabolic functions?
Liver no parasympathetic, sympsthetic: glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis a1, B2
Pancreas (insulin) : parasympathetic: increased secretion
Sympathetic: decreased secretion a2
Adipose cells no parasympathetic, sympathetic: lipolysis B3
Kidney: no parasympathetic, sympathetic: renin release B1
Adrenal medulla: no parasympatheticm sympathetic: secretion of Catecholamines (cholinergic nicotinic)
What are the effectors and innervations of the urinary. System ?
Ureter- parasympathetic: relaxation
Sympathetic: contraction: a1
Detrusor parasympathetic: contraction sympathetic: relaxation B3, B2
Sphincter: parasympathetic: relaxation sympathetic: contraction: a1
What are the effectors and innervations of the reproductive system?
Uterus: - variable from parasympathetic
Sympsthetic: relaxation: B2
Genitalia: erection (ACh and NO) sympathetic: ejaculation/vaginal contract- alpha
Contrast the types of autonomic nerve endings
Autoreceptors: parasympathetic- presynaptic inhibition of ACh release/ sympathetic: presynaptic inhibition of NE release a2
Heteroreceptors: parasympathetic: presynaptic inhibition of NE release/ sympathetic: presynaptic inhibition of ACh release a2
