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Foundations To Medicine 2 > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of connective tissue?

A

-Cells(transient and permanent)

  • Extracellular matrix (ECM)
    a. Fiber
    b. Ground substance

Connective tissue is directly supplied by blood, lymphatic vessels and nerves

Exception: Cartilage (avascular connective tissue )

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2
Q

Why is connective tissue important?

A

Functions:

  • support-forms the stroma of organs
  • Repair
  • Defense
  • Nutrition (storage & transport)
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3
Q

What is the stroma of connective tissue?

A

-Supporting structures

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4
Q

What is the parenchyma of connective tissue?

A

(Epithelium, nerve, muscle)

-Functional unit

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5
Q

What are the classifications of connective tissue?

A
  • Embryonic connective tissue
  • Connective tissue proper
  • Specialized connective tissue
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6
Q

What are the types of embryonic connective tissue?

A
  • Mesenchyme

- Mucous connective tissue

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7
Q

What are the types of connective tissue proper?

A

-Loose connective tissue (sometimes called aerolar tissue)

  • Dense connective tissue
    • Regular
    • Irregular
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8
Q

What are the specialized connective tissue?

A
  • Elastic tissue
  • Reticular tissue
  • Adipose tissue
  • Bone & Hemopoeitic
  • Blood
  • Cartilage
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9
Q

Discuss the components of mesenchymal connective tissue components

A

Mesenchymal cells

  • Stem cells
  • Tapered spindle appearance
  • Sparsely arranged reticular fibers
  • Abundant ground substance
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10
Q

Discuss the components of mucous connective tissue

A
  • Mesenchymal cells
  • Ground substance: Hyaluronan—> imparts gelatinous consistency to the matrix
  • Umbilical cord (Whaarton’s jelly)
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11
Q

Summarize mucous connective tissue

A
  1. Few cells or fibers
  2. Mainly ground substance (jelly-like)
    • umbilical cord (Wharton’s jelly)

Other examples- cardiac jelly,vitreous humor in eye)

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12
Q

What are the features of the loose (aerolar) connective tissue?

A
  1. Large number of cells compared to fibers
  2. Rich blood supply
    • Enables exchange of O2, CO2, and nutrients
    • Diffusion of hormones and growth factors
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13
Q

Where are loose (aerolar ) connective tissue?

A
  • Beneath most epithelial linings

- **Lamina propria of most mucous membranes such as those of the respiratory, urinary and digestive systems

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14
Q

Summarize Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

A
  1. Fewer cells, more fibers than loose (aereolar) tissue
  2. No orientation of collagen fibers - resistance to stress in all directions
  3. Organ capsules, periosteum, dermis
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15
Q

Summarize Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A
  • Specific (regular) orientation of collagen fibers
  • Imparts tensile strength

Examples:

  • Tendons/aponeuroses
  • ligaments
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16
Q

What are the components of dense regular connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts
-Tendon: tendinocytes

Collagen fibers: type 1

17
Q

Summarize the structure of the tendon

A

Covering an entire tendon:
-Epitendineum

Covering around a group of fascicles:
-Peritendineum

Connective tissue covering around a group of fibers:
-endotendineum

18
Q

What are the components of reticular connective tissue?

A

Reticular fibers- type III collagen fibers

Fibroblasts (secrete reticular fibers in most locations)

Nb: Reticular fibers also secreted by reticular, Schwannabd smooth muscle cells

19
Q

What are the functions of reticular connective tissue?

A

Forms a framework for the cellular constituents of various tissues and organs including

  • Hemopoietic and lymphatic tissue—> bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen (* not Thymus)
  • Liver
  • Endocrine tissue
  • Nerve tissue
20
Q

Discuss elastic fibers as a component elastic connective tissue

A

Composed of cross-linked elastin molecules and a network of fibrillin microfibrils and associated proteins (EMILIN-1, MAGP-1) - The microfibrils are formed first; elastin molecules are then deposited on the surface of the microfibrils

21
Q

Describe the elastic property of the elastin molecule

A

This is related to unusual polypeptide backbone of elastin molecules (abundant hydrophobic regions), which causes random coiling

  • Elastin molecules are connected by desmosine and isodesmosine (aa)
  • Special staining required- Orcein, Resorcin or Verhoeff’s

Example: Ligamentum flavum, vocal ligament, suspensory ligament of the penis

Examples: Ligamentum flavum, vocal ligament, suspensory ligament of the penis

22
Q

What is trichrome stain used for?

A

Differentiates between nucleus, cytoplasm and connective tissue

23
Q

What is silver stain used for?

A

Used to stain reticular fibers, stains them black

24
Q

What are elast8c stains used for?

A

E.g. Orcein, Verhoeff’s—> stain elastic fibers

25
Q

What is the most common stain?

A

H & E

26
Q

Describe white adipose tissue

A

Large cells

Peripheral nucleus

Uniocular/ one lipid droplet

Used for fat storage

27
Q

Describe brown adipose tissue

A

Cells are smaller than white adipose

Central nucleus

Multiovular (multiple lipid droplet)

Function: high energy production (thermogenesis)

28
Q

What are the specialized connective tissue?

A
  1. Cartilage
  2. Bone
  3. Blood
29
Q

Describe Marfan’s syndrome

A

Decreased elastic fibers (fibrilin gene)

  • Autosomal dominant disorder involving the deficiency of the protein fibrillin-1 and TGF-B
  • This results in tall stature, long limbs, fingers and toes
  • Cardiovascular manifestations can includeaortic aneurysm and mitral valve prolapse
30
Q

What is a hypertrophic scar?

A

Scar when more raised than normal, but within original wound boundary

31
Q

What is a keloid scar?

A

Scar extending into surrounding tissue (beyond original wound boundary )

32
Q

What is scurvy?

A
  • Ascorbate (Vit. C) is essential for the hydroxylation of the amino acid proline which forms hydroxyproline- a major component of collagen
  • Collagen is an essential structural protein in the body accounting for around a quarter of all of the protein in our body and is critical to the structural integrity of our body
  • Patients usually develop gum disease and poor wound healing
33
Q

What is anaphylactic shock?

A

Increased mast cell release of histamine

34
Q

What is edema?

A

Swelling due to increased tissue fluid

Favored by:

  • Increased intravascular (capillary) hydrostatic pressure
  • Decreased intravascular oncotic pressure
  • Increased vascular permeability
35
Q

What leads to fibrosis, keloids?

A

Increased collagen

Foundations To Medicine 2 (37 decks)

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