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Foundations To Medicine 2 > Intro To Nervous. System > Flashcards

Intro To Nervous. System Flashcards

1
Q

Give an overview of the nervous system

A

Structural: CNS(brain & spinal cord) & PNS(all other nervous tissue)

Functional: PNS(somatic & visceral)

PNS

Somatic: voluntary control- sensation from the body wall and limbs to CNS and motor neurons back to skeletal muscle

Visceral: involuntary control-sensation from organs to CNS and motor neurons to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands

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2
Q

What are the components of PNS?

A

-All neurons tissue outside of CNS that connects CNS to the body wall and organs

  • Cranial nerves
    • emerge from brain (12 pairs)
  • Spinal nerves
    • emerge from spinal cord (31 pairs)
  • Ganglia
    • consist of neuron cell bodies outside the brain a spinal cord
  • enteric plexuses -help regulate digestive system
  • sensory plexuses
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3
Q

What are the sensory functions of the nervous system?

A
  • detect internal stimuli
  • detect external stimuli
  • carries information into the brain and spinal cord
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4
Q

What is the integrative function of the nervous system?

A
  • processes sensory information
  • analyzes and stores information
  • makes decisions for appropriate responses
  • perception: conscious awareness of sensory stimuli
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5
Q

What is the motor function of the nervous system?

A
  • elicits an appropriate response

- activates effector muscles and glands leading to contraction and secretion

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6
Q

What are neuroglial cells?

A

Support cells

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7
Q

What are neurons?

A

The functional cells in the nervous system that contain typical cellular organelles within their cytoplasm

-respond to a stimulus and conducts the stimulus and conducts the stimulus along the length kf the cell (action potential)

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8
Q

What does the neuron cell body/ soma contain?

A

-contains the nucleus, and other typical cell organelles: cytoplasm, lysosomes, mitichondria, Golgi complex, free ribosomes, Nissan bodies (clusters of rER)

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9
Q

What is the neuron dendrite composed of?

A
  • extend from cell body
  • carries information towards the cell body
  • branched
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10
Q

What does the axon composed of in the neuron?

A
  • is a long, thin projection from the cell body
  • carries information away from the cell body toward another neuron, muscle, or gland
  • contains mitochondria, Microtubules, neurofibrils, does not contain rER)
  • ends at synaptic end bulb (terminal bouton)
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11
Q

What is the classification of neurons by structure?

A

By number of processes extending from the cell body

Multipolar- have several dendrites and one axon

Pseudo polar(unipolar)- one continuous process (axon) that emerges from the cell and divides into two processes

Bipolar- have one main Dendrite and one axon

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12
Q

Classify neurons by function

A

Motor-efferent

  • Conveys impulses to effector cells
  • Somatic-skeletal muscles
  • Visceral- smooth cardiac muscles, glands found in organs
  • Typically multipolar

Sensory- Afferent

  • Conveys impulses from receptors for integration
  • Somatic - pain, temp, touch, pressure, proprioception
  • Visceral- distension, ischemia, inflammation, physiological processes from internal organs, glands, blood vessels
  • Typically pseudounipolar or bipolar

Interneuron (integrative)
-Communication and integration between sensory and motor neurons, tendon reflexes

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13
Q

What are neuroglial cells?

A
  • make up about half the volume of CNS
  • generally smaller than neurons
  • do not generate action potentials
  • are able to multiply and divide if injured
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14
Q

Where are each type of neuroglial cell found?

A

CNS

  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglia
  • ependymal cells

PNS

  • Schwann cells
  • satellite cells
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15
Q

What are the components of the CNS?

A
  • white matter is composed of myelinated tracts of axons
  • Grey matter is composed of neuronal cell bodies
  • Collection of cell bodies is called a nucleus
  • Collection of axons is called a tract
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16
Q

What are the components of the PNS?

A
  • Collection of cell bodies is called a ganglion

- Collection of axons is called a peripheral nerve

17
Q

What is the function of the central hemisphere?

A
  • Surface area of the brain is larger than the space in the cranial cavity which causes folding
  • folds= gyri are separated by grooves = sulci
  • Deep groove called longitudinal fissure- separates left and right cerebral hemispheres
  • Special sulci separates lobes
  • Generalized functions of loves
    • sensory, motor, visual, auditory, language and higher cognitive functions, memory etc.
18
Q

Wast is the function of the thalamus?

A
  • relaying and modulating sensory input to cerebrum

- modulating cerebral activity to regulate motor function

19
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Homeostasis; growth and reproduction

20
Q

What is the function of the brain stem?

A
  • Midbrain, Pons and Medulla Oblangata

- Vegetative functions such as cardio regulation, swallowing, yawning etc.

21
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum ?

A

Posture, balance and smooth coordinated movements

22
Q

Summarize PNS

A

-Axons of neurons forming peripheral nerves exiting the cerebral cortex and brain stem

12 pairs

  • Cortex = CN 1- CN 2
  • Midbrain = CN 3-4
  • Pons= CN 5-8
  • Medulla= CN 9-12

Can consist of motor, sensory, parasympathetic fibers

23
Q

Suummar8ze the internal organization of the spinal c9rd

A

Made up of two types of tissue:

  • inner gray matter (nuclei)- cell bodies of neurons and glial cells
  • outer white matter (tracts)- myelinated axons, neural “highways”

Segments
-cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal

24
Q

What are the PNS spinal nerves?

A

-Axons of neurons forming peripheral nerves exiting the spinal cord segments

  • 31 pairs
    • 8 cervical (C1-C8)
    • 12 thoracic (T1-T12)
    • 5 lumbar (L1-L5)
    • 1 coccygeal (Co1)

Can consist of motor, sensory, sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers

25
Q

Summarize the spinal cord and spinal nerve organization

A
  • Somatic afferent: from skin, fascia, of the body wall specifically the back
  • Somatic afferent: from skin, fascia of the b9dy wall the rest of the body
  • Somat8c efferent: to the skeletal muscle of the deep of the back

Somatic efferent: skeketal musc”s ti the rest of the body

26
Q

Summarize formation of the typical spinal nerve

A
  1. Dorsal horn (sensory)—> dorsal rootlets (sensory )—> dorsal roots—> spinal nerve (mixed)—> dorsal Ramus (mixed) or ventral Ramus
  2. Ventral (motor) —>. Ventral rootlets(motor )—> ventral root(motor)—> spinal nerve (mixed) —> dorsal Ramus (mixed) or ventral Ramus

Foundations To Medicine 2 (37 decks)

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