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DITO LAHAT NG KINESHOLOGE > Nerve Physio > Flashcards

Nerve Physio Flashcards

1
Q

Main genetic and metabolic center of the neuron.

A

Cell body/ Soma

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2
Q

Contains the nucleus and nucleolus of the cell

A

Cell body/ soma

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3
Q

Also a region in which the neuron receives synaptic input

A

Cell body/ soma

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4
Q

The rough ER, called Nissl substance, and neurofibrils are abundant

A

Cell body/soma

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5
Q

The main direct recipients of signals from other neurons

A

Dendrites

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6
Q

Conduct nerve impulse toward the cell body

A

Dendrites

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7
Q

Longest process in the body

A

Axon

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8
Q

Longest process in the body

A

Axon

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9
Q

The initial segment is usually the site where action potentials (spikes) that are propagated down the axon are initiated

A

Axon Hillock

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10
Q

Most excitable part

A

Axon Hillock

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11
Q

Whitish fatty material

A

Myelin sheath

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12
Q

Protects and insulates the fibers and increases the transmission rate of nerve impulses

A

Myelin sheat

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13
Q

facilitate faster impulse conduction, oligodendrocytes and schwann cells

A

Myelin sheats

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14
Q

where ions still can flow with ease through the axon mem-
brane between the extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid
inside the axon. This area is called the

A

Nodes of ranvier

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15
Q

where ions still can flow with ease through the axon mem-
brane between the extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid
inside the axon. This area is called the

A

Nodes of ranvier

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16
Q

contains membranous sacs that contain chemicals called neurotransmitters

A

Axon terminal

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17
Q

where multiple local potential changes generated by synaptic connections are integrated

A

Receptor or dendritic zone

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18
Q

where action potentials cause the release of synaptic transmitters

A

Nerve endings

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19
Q

that transmits propagated impulses to the nerve endings

A

Axonal process

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20
Q

carrying impulses from the sensory receptors

A

Sensory afferent

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21
Q

detect amount of stretch or tension, in skeletal muscles, their tendons and joints

A

Proprioreceptors

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22
Q

neurons carrying impulses from the CNS to the viscera or muscles

A

Efferent neurons

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23
Q

connect the motor and sensory neurons in neural pathways

A

Interneurons or association neurons

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24
Q

• Several neurons
• Most common type

A

Multipolar neuron

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25
Q

Two processes, an axon and a dendrite; rare in adults (eye, nose)

A

Bipolar neuron

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26
Q

• Axons conduct nerve impulses both toward and away from the cell body (sensory neurons in the PNS)

A

Unipolar neuron

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27
Q

• Single process emerging from the cell body

A

Unipolar neuron

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28
Q

*Most synapses occur on

  • In the cerebral and cerebellar cortex, endings are commonly located on
A

Axodendritic

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29
Q

but some presynaptic nerves terminate on the

A

Axosomatic synapse

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30
Q

is a specialized type of synapse where one neuron’s axon terminal forms a connection with another neuron’s axon

A

Axoaxonic

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31
Q

is a junction between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron

A

Axodendritic

32
Q

is a junction between the axon terminal of one neuron and the soma (cell body) of another neuron.

A

Axosomatic

33
Q

Wheretwoneuronscomeinto close proximity and functional interneuronal communication occurs

A

Synapses

34
Q

Communication at a _______, under physiologic conditions, takes place in one direction only

A

Synapse

35
Q

the neurotransmitter, passes across the narrow space between the cells and becomes attached to a protein molecule in the postsynaptic membrane called _____

A

Receptor

36
Q

The vesicles fuse with the ___________and discharge the neurotransmitter(s) into the _________ by a process of exocytosis

A

Presynaptic membrane, synaptic cleft

37
Q

containing channels that extend from the cytoplasm of the presynaptic neuron to that of the postsynaptic neuron

A

Gap junctions

38
Q

Rare in the human central nervous system

A

Electrical synapse

39
Q

Gap junctions containing channels that extend from the cytoplasm of the presynaptic neuron to that of the postsynaptic neuron

A

Electrical synapse

40
Q

The bridging channels permit ionic current flow to take place from one cell to the other with a minimum of delay.

A

Electrical synapse

41
Q

In ________ ,the rapid spread of activity from one neuron to another ensures that a group of neurons performing an identical function act together.

A

Electrical synapse

42
Q

___________ also have the advantage that they are bidirectional; ____________ are not.

A

Electrical synapses, chemical synapses

43
Q

release of neurotransmitter substances at synapses

A

Presynaptic vesicles and mitochondria

44
Q

Most ______ produce and release only one principal transmitter at all their nerve endings.

A

Neurons

45
Q

is widely used as a transmitter by different neurons in the central and peripheral parts of the nervous system

A

Acetylcholine

46
Q

Star-shaped cells that account for nearly half of the neural tissue.

A

Astrocytes

47
Q

Their numerous projections have swollen ends that cling to neuron, bracing them and anchoring them to their nutrient supply lines, the blood capillaries.

A

Astrocytes

48
Q

Form a living barrier between capillaries and neurons and play a role in making exchanges between the two.

A

Astrocytes

49
Q

spider-like phagocytes that dispose debris, including dead brain cells and bacteria

A

Microglia

50
Q

line the central cavities of the brain and SC

A

Ependymal cells

51
Q

The beating of their cilia helps to circulate the Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that fills those cavities and forms a cushion around the CNS.

A

Ependymal cells

52
Q

Glia that wrap their flat extensions tightly around the nerve fibers,

A

Oligodendrocytes

53
Q

producing fatty insulating coverings called

A

Myelin sheats

54
Q

are transmitted by
ACTION POTENTIAL GENERATION
action potentials, which are rapid changes in the membrane potential that spread rapidly along the nerve fiber membrane

A

Nerve signals

55
Q

Each action potential begins with a sudden change from the normal resting _______ membrane potential to a _______ potential and then ends with an almost equally rapid change back to the ________potential

A

Negative,positive,negative again

56
Q

membrane potential is at -70mV

A

Resting stage

57
Q

membrane suddenly becomes permeable to sodium ions, allowing tremendous numbers of positively charged sodium ions to diffuse to the interior of the axon. (40 mV)

A

Depolarization stage

58
Q

The normal “polarized” state of_________ is immediately neutralized by the inflowing positively charged sodium ions, with the potential rising rapidly in the positive direction

A

-90 millivolts

59
Q

The sodium channels begin to close and the potassium channels open more than normal.

A

Repolarization stage

60
Q

rapid diffusion of ______ to the exterior re-establishes the normal negative resting membrane potential

A

Potassium ions

61
Q

Different types of _______excite ________ to become active and generate impulse

A

Stimuli,neurons

62
Q

Most neurons in the body are excited by

A

Neurotransmitters

63
Q

Normally, _________cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane, but when the neuron is stimulated, the “gates” of sodium channels in the membrane open

A

Sodium ions

64
Q

Higher to lower concentration what law is this

A

Law of diffusion on sodium

65
Q

Duration of non-excitable state

A

REFRACTORY PERIOD

66
Q

Controls the maximum frequency that the action potentials can
be conducted along the plasma membrane

A

REFRACTORY PERIOD

67
Q

________ in myelinated axons jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next

A

Depolarization

68
Q

In the__________ state, the gates of the _________ are ________ than those of the sodium channels, which are nearly closed.

A

Nonstimulated, potassium channels, open wider

69
Q

In the ________state, the gates of the sodium channels are at first _________ ; then, the gates of the ________ are opened, and the gates of the sodium channels are nearly closed again.

A

Stimulated channels, open wider, potassium channels

70
Q

It is the opening and closing of the sodium and potassium channels that is thought to produce the _______ and_________ of the plasma membrane.

A

Depolarization and repolarization

71
Q

occurs at the onset of the action potential when a second stimulus is unable to produce a further electrical change. It is thought to be due to the inability to get the sodium channels open

A

Absolute refractory period

72
Q

when a very strong stimulus can produce an action potential, presumably the sodium channels are opened.

A

Relative refractory period

73
Q

Anautoimmunediseasethataffectsover3 million people worldwide, usually striking be- tween the ages of 20 and 50 and affecting women about twice as often as men.

A

Multiple sclerosis

74
Q

The cause of ______appears to include both genetic and environmental factors.

A

Multiple sclerosis

75
Q

_________,antibodiesandwhitebloodcellsinthe immune system attack myelin, causing inflammation and injury to the sheath and eventually the nerves that it surrounds.

A

Multiple schlerosis

76
Q

Loss of ____leads to leakage of ____through voltage- gated channels, hyperpolarization, and failure to conduct action potentials

A

Myelin, k+

DITO LAHAT NG KINESHOLOGE (5 decks)

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