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biology year 2 > Nerve Coordination > Flashcards

Nerve Coordination Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a synpase?

A

junction between neurones

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2
Q

cholinergic synpase process?

A
  • AP arrives at pre-sn knob
  • voltage gated calcium ion channels open - Ca2+ diffuse in
  • vesicles full of neurotransmitter ACh fuse with pre-sn memb
  • ACh diffuses across synaptic cleft
  • ACh binds with receptors on post-sn memb
  • some Na+ channels open - Na+ diffuse in
  • if threshold reached, voltage gated Na+ channels open
  • AP triggered in post-sn
  • AChE breaks down ACh and stops response
  • products reabsorbed into pre-sn knob and recycled

-

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3
Q

how temp affects speed of conduction?

A
  • high temp (up to 40 degrees)
  • faster speed of AP
  • mol have more kinetic energy
  • diffuse faster
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4
Q

how diameter of axon affects speed of conduction?

A
  • greater diameter - faster speed of AP
  • less resistance
  • more surface area for ion movement
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5
Q

what are nodes of ranvier?

A

tiny patches of bare membrane

(gaps in myelin sheath)

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6
Q

what is saltatory conduction?

A
  • when AP jumps between nodes of ranvier
  • speeds up transmission of nerve impulses
  • cytoplasm conducts enough electrical charge to depolarise next node
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7
Q

myelin sheath

A
  • made of schwann cells
  • electrical insulator - prevents depolarisation
  • prevents movement of ions in/out of neurone
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8
Q

what happens at nodes of ranvier?

A
  • lots of K+ and Na+ ion channels
  • depolarisation only happens at nodes
  • AP jumps between nodes (saltatory conduction)
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9
Q

what is synaptic divergence?

A
  • when one neurone joins many neurones
  • spreads AP to other parts of body
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10
Q

what is synaptic convergence?

A
  • when many neurones join single neurone
  • amplifies signal
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11
Q

temporal summation

A
  • single AP wont always trigger AP in post-sn memb
  • strong AP will cause more frequent APs
  • release more neurotransmitter
  • add up to trigger AP in post-sn memb
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12
Q

spatial summation

A
  • weak stimulus may only create few AP
  • doesnt always trigger AP in post-s neurone
  • when neurotransmitter from multiple neurones combine to trigger AP in post-sn
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13
Q

maintenance of resting potential

A
  • sodium-potassium ion carrier protein (using ATP)
  • actively transports 3 Na+ OUT and 2 K+ IN
  • voltage gated sodium ion channel closes
  • membrane not permeable to sodium ions
  • potassium ion channel opens
  • some K+ diffuse out down electro chem gradient
  • doesnt reach equilib because of pos charge outside
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14
Q

sensory neurone?

A
  • single long dendron
  • single short axon
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15
Q

relay neurone?

A
  • in CNS
  • many short dendrites
  • many short axons
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16
Q

motor neurone?

A
  • many short dendrites
  • single long axon
  • ends with neuromuscular junction
17
Q

receptor?

A
  • specific - will only detect one type of stimulus
  • cell OR protein
  • transforms stimulus into electrical imp
18
Q

describe nervous communication?

A
  • fast
  • short lived
  • localised
19
Q

what does nervous system split into?

A

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

  • brain
  • spinal cord

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

  • all other neurones
20
Q

what does the peripheral nervous system split into?

A

SOMATIC nervous system

  • conscious control

AUTONOMIC nervous system

  • unconscious body activity
21
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system split into?

A

PARASYMPATHETIC nervous system

  • slows things down
  • neurotransmitter = ACh

SYMPATHETIC nervous system

  • speeds things up
  • neurotransmitter = noradrenaline
22
Q

what does it mean by synapses are unidrectional?

A
  • only receptors on post-sm
  • neurotransmitters rel from pre-synpatic knob
  • diffuse from high to low conc across synaptic cleft
23
Q

PASSAGE OF AP

step 1 - RESTING POTENTIAL

A
  • sodium potassium ion carrier protein
  • actively transports (using ATP)
  • Na+ out
  • K+ in
  • some K+ diffuses out via K+ channel
24
Q

PASSAGE OF AP

step 2 - GENERATOR POTENTIAL

A
  • weak stimulus
  • some Na+ channels open
  • some Na+ ions diffuse in
  • doesnt reach threshold
  • Na+ K+ restores resting potential
25
Q

PASSAGE OF AP -

step 3 - THRESHOLD

A
  • GP reaches threshold
  • many voltage gated Na+ channels open
  • Na+ diffuse into axon
  • positive feedback
26
Q

PASSAGE OF AP

step 4 - depolarisation

A
  • Na+ channels open
  • Na+ diffuse rapidly in
27
Q

PASSAGE OF AP

step 5 - repolarisation

A
  • K+ channels open
  • K+ diffuses out
  • voltage gated Na+ close
28
Q

PASSAGE OF AP

step 6 - hyperpolarisation

A
  • when memb potential more negative than resting potential
  • K+ channels slow to close
29
Q

refactory period

A
  • another AP cant be started
  • make AP - DISCRETE (non overlap) , UNIDRECTIONAL (one way)
30
Q

what is a neuromuscular junction?

A

synapse between motor neurone and muscle fibre

31
Q

differences compared to a cholinergic synapse?

A
  • more receptors on post-sn memb
  • AP always generated
  • AChE found in pits on post-sn memb
  • receptors = nicotinic cholinergic receptors
32
Q

what is the all or nothing law?

A
  • if GP reaches threshold - triggers AP
  • all AP = same size
  • strong stimulus generates more frequent AP
33
Q

wave of depolarisation?

A
  • Na+ diffuse along neurone
  • ahead of AP, neurone in resting potential
  • Na+ triggers threshold
  • AP moves along as wave of depolarisation
34
Q
A

biology year 2 (29 decks)

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