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biology year 2 > Genome Projects and Gene Technologies > Flashcards

Genome Projects and Gene Technologies Flashcards

1
Q

define genome

A

complete set of genetic material that organism has

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2
Q

define proteome

A

complete set of proteins that organism can make

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3
Q

human genome project

A
  • sequenced whole genome
  • only sequence short fragments at once
  • split genome into small sections - sequence - put back in order
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4
Q

how are sequencing methods being constantly updated

A
  • chain termination method

to

  • pyrosequencing
  • automated
  • faster cheaper
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5
Q

predicting AA sequences in simple organisms

A
  • few regulatory genes
  • little non coding DNA
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6
Q

predicting AA sequences in complex organisms

A
  • non-coding dna e.g. VNTRs
  • regulatory gene turns on/off other genes
  • lots of non-coding dna
  • hard to determine proteins from dna
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7
Q

uses of genome projects

A
  • understand evolutionary relationships
  • medicine - understand antigens to develop new vaccines
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8
Q

define gene therapy

A

changing faulty alleles that cause genetic disease

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9
Q

gene therapy for disease caused by dominant allele

A
  • sufferes = hetero
  • alreadu have functional allele
  • silence dominant allele
  • use vector to add dna fragment into dominant allele
  • dominant allele not transcribed
  • recessive allele expressed
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10
Q

gene therapy for disease caused by recessive allele

A
  • sufferers = homo
  • use vector to add functional allele to DNA
  • dominant allele expressed
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11
Q

2 types of gene therapy

A
  • germ line
  • somatic
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12
Q

germ line gene therapy

A
  • changing alleles of gametes
  • all future offspring inherit
  • illegal
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13
Q

somatic gene therapy

A

changing allele of body cells

  • offspring dont inherit changes
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14
Q

problems with gene therapy

A
  • alleles inserted into wrong locus
  • could silence wrong gene by mistake
  • could cause cancer
  • gene over expressed
  • non-medical uses
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15
Q

3 ways to isolate target genes

A
  • restriction enzymes
  • reverse transcriptase
  • gene machine
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16
Q

restriction enzymes

A
  • RE cut dna at specific palindromic sites = restriction sites
  • if restriction site either end, RE used to cut it out
  • leaves dna with sticky ends (unpaired bases)
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17
Q

reverse transcriptase

A
  • cells have 2 copies of each gene - hard to access
  • enzyme that does transcription backwards

DNA + RNA polym –> mRNA

mRNA + reverse transcriptase —> cDNA

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18
Q

gene machine

A
  • join 25 nucleotides together at once
  • forms oligonucleotides
  • join oligonucleotides = synthetic gene
  • design own genes/ proteins
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19
Q

what is PCR used for?

A
  • amplify DNA (make millions of copies)

known as IN VITRO dna amplification

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20
Q

PCR ingredients

A
  • DNA sample
  • free DNA nucleotides
  • primers
  • DNA polymerase (taq polymerase)
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21
Q

what are primers?

A

short sequences of DNA that are comp to start of dna sample

  • used to select which part of dna copied
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22
Q

PCR method

A
  • heat to 95 degrees - break H bonds & make DNA single stranded
  • cool to 50 degrees - allow primers bind - comp base pairing - dna double stranded - dna polymerase can bind
  • heat to 70 degrees - dna polymerase adds comp nucleotides- forms phosphodiester bonds
  • repeat - each cycle doubles DNA

1-2-4-8-16

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23
Q

what is a vector

A

something thats used to move DNA from one place to another

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24
Q

what are virus

A

bacteriophage

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25
what are plasmids
double stranded loop of DNA that transfers genes between bacteria
26
how do you insert a gene into a vector
- use same restriction enzyme to cut plasmid - sticky ends will be comp - dna ligase reforms phosphodiester bond - forms recombinant dna (dna from more than one source)
27
how do you insert vector into bacteria
- ice cold CaCl2 - heat shock INC PERM OF BACTERIAL CELL WALL
28
what is a transgenic organism
contains rDNA
29
what is electrophoresis used for
using electricity to separate DNA fragments by length
30
electrophoresis
- DNA negatively charged - attach fluorescent label or stain DNA frag - put DNA frag into well at negative end - turn on current - dna frag attracted to positive electrode - small frag faster (further)
31
in electrophoresis how do you calibrate the scale
wiring pieces of dna of known length
32
3 fragments =
2 cuts
33
what are marker genes
genes paired with target genes to check if vector inserted properly
34
give types of marker gene
- UV fluorescence - antibiotic resistance
35
what do transformed bacteria contain
rDNA (target gene and marker gene)
36
only bacteria that have accepted the vector will..
- will fluoresce under UV - will be able to survive in culture with antibiotic
37
what do you do once transformed bacteria have been identified?
select and culture transformed bacteria
38
what is a dna probe
a short sequence of dna with label attached that is complementary to a specific allele/mutation/gene
39
what are dna probes used for
used to test if sample of dna contains specific sequence
40
how dna probes work
- attach label to dna probe - if sequence (disease causing allele) present - dna probe will hybridise and stick to dna sample with comp base - rinse to remove unhybridised dna probes - view labels (uv fluorescene, radioactive) - dna invisible
41
what must dna be when using dna probes
single stranded
42
dna microarray
- label attached to human dna (not probe) - test multiple alleles/mutations at once - many dna probes attached to tile in grid (know positions) - attach patients dna with label - dna will hybridise to comp dna - rinse ---\> view labels
43
uses in agriculture (soya beans, golden rice)
- express protein from bacteria - protein is toxic to insects - fewer insects eat soya plant - gene from corn ---\> rice - express vitamin A
44
advantages of transformed organisms in agriculture
- use less chemical pesticide - more efficient food chain - prevents blindness caused by vitamin A deficiency
45
disadvantages of using transformed organisms in agriculture
- monoculture of crop has low genetic diversity - susceptible to enviro factors e.g. disease - have to buy seeds every year - dec in biodiversity
46
uses of transformed organisms in industry and research
- making enzymes - e.g. rennin, lipase - transformed pathogens to TREAT disease - attack other pathogens but dont infect humans
47
advantages of using transformed organisms in industry and research
- reduce energy and cost - fast and cheap production - treat disease - pathogens wont develop resistance - reduce suffering
48
disadvantages of using transformed organisms in industry and research
- could mutate and infect humans - could be used in war
49
uses of transformed organsism in medicines (insulin)
- transform bacteria to express proteins - mammals can also be transformed to produce useful prod in their milk
50
advantages of using transformed organisms in medicine
- makes human proteins - cheaper and easier than making proteins synthetically
51
disadvantages of using transformed organisms in medicine
- possible unexpected problems e.g. cancer in animals - using animals as commodities
52
what is genetic counselling used for
- identify carriers of genetic disease - specific allele - most effective treatment
53
genetic counselling | (USES OF DNA PROBES)
- healthcare professionals advise people/parents about risks * passing on inheritable diseases * developing diseases later in life - e.g. angelina jolie - BRCA1- 87% chance of developing breast cancer - double mastectomy - make informed decisions about treatments and preventions
54
genetic screening | (USES OF DNA PROBES)
- parents can see if they are carriers of recessive alleles (IVF) - can diagnose and treat before symptoms show - e.g. babies screened for CF
55
personalised medicine | (USES OF DNA PROBES)
- if doctor knows patients genotype - give best drugs for them - mutation X - drug X - mutation Z - drug Z - change drugs if know patient has allele that causes side effect with normal drug
56
what is genetic fingerprinting
identifying individuals by comparing difference in **Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTRs)**
57
what does non-coding dna contain lots of
VNTRs - dont code for proteins - dont affect phenotype - vary more than coding dna - number of repeats of each VNTR varies
58
relatedness USES OF GFP
- more closely related two individuals - high percentage match of VNTRs - conservation of endangered species - avoid inbreeding by matching individuals who = least related - maintains genetic diversity
59
forensic use USES OF GFP
- samples of dna from crime scene and suspects - amplify using PCR - run gel electrophoresis - chance of 2 individuals having same number of VNTRs very low
60
medical diagnosis USES OF GFP
- test for specific combinations of alleles - used to diagnose disorders e. g. embryo screening for IVF

biology year 2 (29 decks)

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