Nerve Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum? Where are they located

A

Frontal lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe and temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What cells are lost in Parkinsons disease

A

In the midbrain there is an area called the substantia nigra. In here there are cells found that are called dopaminergic neurons. Parkinson’s disease results in the loss of these neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is the grey matter and white matter? What do they comprise of

A

Grey matter is the cell bodies and white matter is the axons. In the brain grey matter is outside whereas in the spinal cord grey matter is inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many layers of cells are there in the cerebral cortex

A

6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define those layers

A

Layer 1 is at the top. It has very low density of cells. This is the area where the axon tracks are traveling.

II is external granular layer, III is external pyramidal cell layer, IV is internal granular layer, V is ganglionic layer, VI is multiform (polymorphic) cell layer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do you identify the layer V of the cerebral cortex

A

Identify the large pyramidal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are parenchymal cells

A

They are multi polar neurons, they have multiple processes coming out of them, perhaps making connection to many neurons both from the dendrites and the axons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do you identify cerebellum

A

Branched structure from low zoomed picture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the layers of the cerebellum

A

Molecular, purkinje and granular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What cells are found in the molecular layer

A

Stellate and Basket cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do you differentiate the dorsal and ventral horn

A

From the blood vessel coming out of the ventral horn.

Also know how to identify the central canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is found in the ventral horn

A

Cell bodies and axons of the motor neurons that make choline acetyltransferase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the motor neurons have that makes them particularly easy to identify in staining methods

A

They have nissle substance. The staining method used stain rRNA so staining the ribosomes and the nucleolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens in ALS

A

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Patients can think, process and recall information fine but they cannot correctly move due to diseased motor neurons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe dendrons, cell body, axons, synapses

A

Dendrons are Input, cell body is integration, axons are conductors and synapses are output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons

A

Pyramidal neurons which are interneurons, motor neurons which only transmit signals after receiving them and then sensory neurons that only detect signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are glia cells of the CNS

A

Glia cells are supporting cells of the CNS

  1. Astrocytes
  2. Ependyma
  3. Microglial cells
  4. Oligodendrocytes
18
Q

What are the functions of astrocytes

A

1) Supportive (in a skeletal sense)
2) Insulating, particularly with regard to synapses
3) Electrolyte balance, particularly regarding K+ ions
4) pH balance of extracellular milieu
5) Sequestration of neurotransmitters
6) Communicate with capillary endothelial cells
7) Interactions with immune system
8) Phagocytosis of extracellular debris
9) Induce blood brain barrier

19
Q

What are the types of astorcyte

A
  1. Fibrous astrcytes

2. Protoplasmic astorcytes

20
Q

What is the blood brain barrier

A

foot processes of astrocytes induce endothelial cells to form tight junctions

21
Q

What are the 3 layers

A
  1. Dura Mater - highly dense connective tissue
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Pia Mater - very very thin layer of connective tissue
22
Q

Where does the capillaries and the csf runs in the brain

A

In subarachnoid space

23
Q

What makes csf

A

Choroid plexus cells

24
Q

Know the ventricular system

A

The csf is also present here

25
Q

What comprises in the ventral root of the spinal cord

A

The motor neurons have their axons coming out of the spinal cord and then joining the muscles

26
Q

What does dorsal root has

A

Sensory neurons

27
Q

Where does the sympathetic chain and the sympathetic ganglion reside?

What is their function

A

Sympathetic chain runs along the spinal cord. They form the sympathetic system

28
Q

What is the function of sympathetic and parasympathetic system

A

Sympathetic is involved in fight or flight reponse

Parasympathetic is involved in rest and digest

29
Q

When do both of the system make their synaptic contacts

A

Sympathetic neurons send their axons to the ganglions in the sympathetic chain system, which then send their axons to the motors or to the organs.

Parasympathetic neurons have larger axons, makes synaptic contacts with other ganglions which then connect their axons to the desired tissues or organs like the stomach

Para do not innervate in the sympathetic chain system (do not have synapses in this region)

30
Q

Where does the sympathetic ganglions make their synaptic contacts with

A

In the brain and the between the post synaptic ganglions located in the ganglions. This is different from DRGs. (dorsal root ganglions)

The synapses are in the ganglions (in the swellings)

31
Q

Where is the enteric nervous system found

A

In the gut

32
Q

Function of submucosal plexus and myenteric plexus

A

Submucosal is responsible for glandular secretions and for sensing pH whereas the myenteric plexus is associated with controlling the smooth muscles of the gut

Myenteric is at the inside

33
Q

Where are the sensory nerves located

A

At the dorsal root ganglion just outside the spinal cord.

Ganglion is basically a swelling

34
Q

How are DRG and sympathetic nervous system ganglions different

A

DRGs do not form synapses at the ganglions but instead they make synapses at the brain and at the target organs

35
Q

What are DRGs surrounded by

A

Satellite cells, they are quite small surround the DRGs all over

36
Q

What is a peripheral nerve

A

Ventral roots of the spinal cord consists of the axons of the nerves that form the peripheral nerve

37
Q

Difference in the function of schwann cells and oligo

A

Olio can myelinate mutliple axons whereas schwann can only mylienate 1 axon

38
Q

What are the 3 layers in the peripheral nerves

A

The myelinated axons are surrounded by endoneurium, a group of them is surrounded by perineurium and all of them are surrounded by epineurium

39
Q

What happens in Charcot Marie Tooth Disease

A

Myelins sheaths are damaged leading to a damaged neurons

40
Q

Wallerian degneration

A

A mechanism of rapid axon degenration. it is physiological

41
Q

What happens in neuropathy

A

Neuropathy in daibetes is assoicated with the loss of peripheral nerves which, in case if their is trauma to the foot, can lead to gangerence if undetected which can then result in the treatment involving foot amputation