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Foundations Part II > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of cells in the skin

A
  1. Keratinocytes (epidermal cells)
  2. Merkel cells (tactile cells)
  3. Langerhans cells (macrophages that presents antigens)
  4. Melanocytes (derived from neural crest cells)
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2
Q

Dermis - what does it contain

A

Papillary dermis that is loosely packed

Then we have reticular dermis that is densely packed and finally we have hypodermis which has subcutaneous fat

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3
Q

Histology of the skin

A

On the top we have stratum corneum, the keratin layer.

Below we have papillary dermis and then we have the reticular dermis (that creates the waves)

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4
Q

What are the layers of epidermis

A

Starting from the top

  1. Stratum corneum
  2. Stratum lucidum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum spinosum (have extensive desmosomes)
  5. Stratum basale

In the thickness stratum corneum is much thicker

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5
Q

Excessive skin shedding - what is the condition called and what is the biochemical basis of it

A

Psoriasis

The underlying infiltrating immune cells release cytokines that signals the keratinocytes to proliferate more quickly, reducing the time of the cell cycle.

The blood vessels thicken to provide with the extra nutrients for increased cell activity.
Silver white flaky layer is created which are just a bunch of dead cells on the top of skin

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6
Q

Facts about Psoriasis (there are 4)

A

Disease of the epidermal-dermal layer:

  1. Persistant hyperplasia of keratinocytes due to increased proliferation
  2. Neutrophils migrate to the dermis, forming abscess when they die. (or microabscess).
  3. Lymphocytes are the ones below the dermis secreting cytokines
  4. Also there are nuclei displayed in the now thickened stratum corneum
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7
Q

How are the fingerprints formed

A

The dermal papillae that come out to the surface of the skin gives us our unique fingerprints

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8
Q

What do we need to know about the keratin that is being expressed in the different layers of the dermis by the keratinocytes

A

The keratin changes as the cells move along from the basale layer to the spinosum and to granulosum to lucidum and then finally to Stratus corneum

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9
Q

What compound is secreted to aggregate keratin

A

Filaggrin

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10
Q

What layer of cells secrete the keratin aggregate

A

Granulosum

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11
Q

Where does the fat comes from in the top of the skin

A

Lamellar bodies

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12
Q

What does the fat do

A

Envelopes the keratin in structures called cell envelopes

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13
Q

What is the structure of the cell envelope

A

Lipid is on the outside, cell envelope molecules and then comes the aggregated keratin on the inside surface of the cell envelope

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14
Q

One of the molecules of envelope and how it is cross linked

A

Loricrin (one of the envelope molecules) is cross linked by transglutaminase K (TGK)

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15
Q

Mutation associated with TGK

there are 2

A

One of them results in scaled fish like skin called Lamellar ichthyosis (there is a mutation is TGK)

The other one is Dermatitis herpetiformis (antibodies directed to TGK, IgA)

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16
Q

Types of cells in the epidermis

A
  1. Melanocytes: derived from neural crest cells, they make melanin and put this melanin in adjacent cells (so not all cells with melanin are melanocytes)
  2. Merkel cells: these are also derived from neural crest cells, they are tactile mechanoreceptors
  3. Langerhan cells are the macrophages of the skin. They do antigen recognition and phagocytosis
17
Q

How is melanin made

A

Made in melanocytes, they make premelanome which then matures into melanosome and is then released and taken in by keratinocytes.

18
Q

Biochemical details of the production of melanin

A

Made from oxidation of tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine. This then becomes melanin

19
Q

What are the spines in the spinosum layer made of? what do they represent?

A

Desmosomes

20
Q

What are the 2 major types of pemphigus

A
  1. Pemphigus vulgaris (autoantibodies to desmogleins 3)
  2. Pemphigus foliaceous (autoantibodies to demoglein 1)

There’s another type called the mucocutaneous which have antobodies to 1 and 3 both.

21
Q

What is the gradient of DG1 and DG3

A

DG 1 is high on the surface, reduces towards the basal layer and DG3 is high on the basale layer, reduced towards the surface.

22
Q

What is a factor in mucous membrane

A

DG1 is not really a factor in mucous membrane, DG3 is present, in the same gradient form

23
Q

PF and PV, where do they split

A

PF on the top, PV on the bottom

24
Q

What is the structure involving hair

A
  1. External root sheath is continuous with the stratum basale.
  2. Bunch of stem cells that are keratinocyte in the bugle
  3. Internal Root Sheath surround the hair shaft
  4. Dermal papillae are a reservoir of stem cells
25
Q

3 phases of hair growth

A
  1. Anagen - growth phase
  2. Catagen - intermediate/regression phase
  3. Telogen - rest or shedding phase
26
Q

What kind of secretion does saebeceous glands have

A

Holocrine secretions - destroys the cell

27
Q

What kind of secretion does sweat galnds have

A

Merocrine secretion

28
Q

What other important cells are important for sweat secretions

A

Myoepithelial cells that are repsonsible for moving the sweat up, they are at the base of the sweat glands, they squeeze secretions out

29
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Defect in the CFTR gene, causes increase chloride ion and Na ion secretion in the sweat

30
Q

What is the sensory receptor stuff in the skin

There are 5

A
  1. Meissner’s corpuscle for two point differentiation in hairy skin
  2. Merkel cells - 2 point differentiation in fingers and hands
  3. Free nerve endings for temperature
  4. Ruffini cells - for stretching
  5. Pacinian corpuscle for deep pressure senses and vibration, 2 point differentiation in skin
31
Q

When is a scar formed and where there is complete recovery

A

If the wound deep into the dermis, scar will form. If it is only at the epidermis complete regeneration takes place

32
Q

Know the difference between first and second intention healing

A

Has to do with the sharpness of the wound. If the wound is not so sharp, the healing is poor resulting in 2nd intention healing

33
Q

Disease associated with 2nd intention healing

A

Duputyren’s contracture; myofibroblast go out of control

Happens in diabetics often (even almost exclusively)

34
Q

Explain skin grafting

A

Skin from another part of the body is removed to be placed over a wound or scar.. The tissue has either been destroyed or damaged. Color and texture of a skin are carefully chosen but sometimes this is not possible.
The thickness of the skin can vary.

Foundations Part II (31 decks)

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